INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Course code :BAI654D

BAI654D

Text Book:E. Rich, K. Knight & S. B. Nair, Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edition, McGraw
Hill.,2009
 Module 1

• Syllabus
• What is artificial intelligence? Problems, Problem Spaces, and search
• Text Book 1: Ch 1, 2

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 1.1What is artificial intelligence

• Data: Raw facts, unformatted information.

• Information: It is the result of processing, manipulating and organizing data in
response to a specific need. Information relates to the understanding of the
problem domain.
• Knowledge: It relates to the understanding of the solution domain – what to do?
• Intelligence: It is the knowledge in operation towards the solution – how to do?
How to apply the solution?
• Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence is the study of how make computers
to do things which people do better at the moment. It refers to the intelligence
controlled by a computer machine.
• examples:navigation,chat gpt,ML (self driving),self awareness.

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• One View of AI is
About designing systems that are as intelligent as humans
 Computers can be acquired with abilities nearly equal to human intelligence
 How system arrives at a conclusion or reasoning behind selection of actions
 How system acts and performs not so much on reasoning process.
• Why Artificial Intelligence?
Making mistakes on real-time can be costly and dangerous.
 Time-constraints may limit the extent of learning in real world.

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• The AI Problem
There are some of the problems contained within AI.
1. Game Playing and theorem proving share the property that people who do them well
are considered to be displaying intelligence.
2. Another important foray into AI is focused on Commonsense Reasoning. It includes
reasoning about physical objects and their relationships to each other, as well as reasoning
about actions and other consequences.
3. To investigate this sort of reasoning Nowell Shaw and Simon built the General Problem
Solver (GPS) which they applied to several common sense tasks as well as the problem of
performing symbolic manipulations of logical expressions. But no attempt was made to
create a program with a large amount of knowledge about a particular problem domain.
Only quite simple tasks were selected.

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4. The following are the figures showing some of the tasks that are the
targets of work in AI:

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• what is an AI Technique?
• Artificial Intelligence problems span a very broad spectrum. They appear to have very
little in common except that they are hard. There are techniques that are appropriate for
the solution of a variety of these problems. The results of AI research tells that
Intelligence requires Knowledge. Knowledge possesses some less desirable properties
including:
 It is voluminous
It is hard to characterize accurately
 It is constantly changing
 It differs from data by being organized in a way that corresponds to the ways it will be
used.

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 1.1What is artificial intelligence

• AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should be represented in such a way
that:
 The knowledge captures generalizations. In other words, it is not necessary to represent each
individual situation. Instead situations that share important properties are grouped together.
 It can be understood by people who must provide it. Most of the knowledge a program has
must ultimately be provided by people in terms they understand.
 It can be easily be modified to correct errors and to reflect changes in the world and in our
world view.
 It can be used in a great many situations even if it is not totally accurate or complete.
 It can be used to help overcome its own sheer bulk by helping to narrow the
range of possibilities that must usually be considered.

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• Important AI Techniques:
Search: Provides a way of solving problems for which no more direct approach is
available as well as a framework into which any direct techniques that are
available can be embedded.
Use of Knowledge: Provides a way of solving complex problems by exploiting the
structures of the objects that are involved.
Abstraction: Provides a way of separating important features and variations from
the many unimportant ones that would otherwise overwhelm any process.

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 1.1What is artificial intelligence
• Overview of Artificial Intelligence
• It was the ability of electronic machines to store large amounts of information and process it at very high speeds
that gave researchers the vision of building systems which could emulate (imitate) some human abilities.
• We will see the introduction of the systems which equal or exceed human abilities and see them because an
important part of most business and government operations as well as our daily activities.

• Definition of AI: Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science concerned with the study and creation
of computer systems that exhibit some form of intelligence such as systems that learn new concepts and tasks,
systems that can understand a natural language or perceive and comprehend a visual scene, or systems that
perform other types of feats that require human types of intelligence.
• To understand AI, we should understand
 Intelligence
 Knowledge
 Reasoning
 Thought
 Cognition: gaining knowledge by thought or perception learning

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ASSUMPTIONS : Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
• At the heart of research in artificial intelligence, the underlying assumptions about intelligence lie in what
Newell and Simon (1976) call the physical symbol system hypothesis. They define a physical symbol
system as follows:
• 1. Symbols
• 2. Expressions
• 3. Symbol Structure
• 4. System
• A physical symbol system consists of a set of entities called symbols, which are physically patters that can
occur as components of another type of entity called an expression (or symbol structure). A symbol
structure is composed of a number of instances (or tokens) of symbols related in some physical way. At
any instance of the time the system will contain a collection of these symbol structures. The system also
contains a collection of processes that operate on expressions to produce other expressions: processes of
creation, modification, reproduction and destruction.

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• They state hypothesis as:

“A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general ‘intelligent
actions’.”
• This hypothesis is only a hypothesis there appears to be no way to prove or disprove it on logical
ground so, it must be subjected to empirical validation we find that it is false. We may find the bulk
of the evidence says that it is true but only way to determine its truth is by experimentation”
• Computers provide the perfect medium for this experimentation since they can be programmed to
simulate physical symbol system we like. The importance of the physical symbol system
hypothesis is twofold. It is a significant theory of the nature of human intelligence and so is of
great interest to psychologists.

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