K A LYA N I G O V E R N M E N T E N G I N E E R I N G C O L L E G E

NAME – SK JALALUDDIN
ROLL – 10200322040
STREAM – ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
SUBJECT – CONTROL SYSTEM & INSTRUMENTATION
SUBJECT CODE – EC 601
SEMESTER – 6TH
TOPIC - EXPLANATION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION RULES 1
 CONTENTS

NO. TOPIC

1 BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

2 TERMINOLOGY

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION RULES

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & CONCLUSION

6 REFERENCES

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

• DEFINITION :- A block diagram is a graphical tool can help us to visualize the model of a system and
evaluate the mathematical relationships between their elements, using their transfer function.

• TRANSFER FUNCTON :- A transfer function in control systems represents the relationship between the
output signal and the input signal. It is expressed as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to
that of the input, considering initial conditions as 0. It is defined for only Linear Time Invariant System.

TRANSFER FUNCTION BLOCK (Fig:-1.1)

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 TERMINOLOGY

PLANT :- Physical object to be

controlled.
G2(S)

Control Element:- G1(s) also called the

controller required to generate the
appropriate control signal applied to the
plant.

Feedback Element:- H(S) is the

component required to establish the Fig:-1.2
functional relationship between the
primary feedback signal B (s) and the
controlled output C(s). SIGNALS(Fig:- 1.3)

Reference Input:- R (s) is an external

signal applied to a feedback control
system in order to command a specified
action of the plant. Fig:-1.5
TAKEOFF POINT (Fig:-1.4)
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 TERMINOLOGY

• The Controlled Output :-C(s) is that quantity or condition of the plant which is controlled.
• Actuating Signal :- E(s), also called the error or control action, is the algebraic sum consisting of the
reference input R (s) plus or minus (usually minus) the primary feedback B (s).
• Manipulated Variable :- M(s) (control signal) is that quantity or condition which the control elements G
1(s) apply to the plant G2(s)
• Disturbance :- U (s) is an undesired input signal which affects the value of the controlled output C(s). It
may enter the plant by summation with M (s), or via an intermediate point, as shown in the block
diagram.
• Forward Path :- is the transmission path from the actuating signal E(s) to the output C(s).
• Feedback Path :- is the transmission path from the output C(s) to the feedback signal B (s).
• Summing Point :- A circle with a cross is the symbol that indicates a summing point. The (+) or (-)
sign at each arrowhead indicates whether that signal is to be added or subtracted.
• G(S) = Direct Transfer Function = Forward Transfer Function
• H(S) = Feedback Transfer Function
• C(S) / R(S) = Closed Loop Transfer Function = Control Ratio
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 BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION RULES

• Basic principles of block diagram reduction A block diagram visually breaks down a system using blocks
and lines. The blocks represent different components or subsystems, and the lines show how signals or
information flow between these components. The goal of reduction is to simplify these diagrams.

• SERIALLY CONNECTED • PARALLELY CONNECTED • ELIMINATING THE FEEDBACK

BLOCKS BLOCKS LOOP
 When blocks are connected in  In case the blocks are  The gain of a closed-loop system
series then the overall transfer connected parallely then the with positive feedback is defined
function of all the blocks is the transfer function of the whole as:
multiplication of the transfer system will be the addition of
function of each separate block the transfer function of each
in the connection. block (considering sign).  So to remove the feedback loop,
feedback gain must be used.
Therefore, we can have:

Fig:-2.3

Fig:-2.1 Fig:-2.2
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 BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION RULES

• SHIFTING OF TAKE-OFF • SHIFTING OF TAKE-OFF • SHIFTING OF SUMMING

POINT AHEAD OF THE POINT BEHIND THE BLOCK POINT AHEAD OF THE
BLOCK BLOCK
 If we need to shift the take-off  In order to move the take-off  If the summing point is to be
point ahead of the block, then point behind the block, we need moved from backward to
we must keep ‘p’ as it is. to keep the value of ‘p’ same. forward of the block, then Y(s)
 Here p = X(s). So, even after Here p = X(s)G(s). will become X(s)G(s)+p.
shifting p must be X(s) and for  But with backward movement p However, earlier Y(s) was [X(s)
this, we have to add a block will become X(s). So, we have to +p]G(s).
with gain which is reciprocal add another block with the same  So, to have unaltered output,
of the gain of the originally gain as the original gain. This we need to add a block having
present block. will make the value of exact gain as the original one.
 As the actual gain is G(s) so p = X(s)G(s).
the additional block will have
a gain of 1/G(s).

Fig:-2.4 Fig:-2.5 Fig:-2.6

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION RULES

• SHIFTING OF SUMMING POINT • INTERCHANGE OF THE • SPLITTING/ COMBINING

BEHIND THE BLOCK SUMMING POINT THE SUMMING POINT

 We can use associative property A summing point having 3
 We need to move this summing
and can interchange these inputs can be split into a
point behind the position of the
directly connected summing configuration having 2
block without changing the
response. So, for this, a block points without altering the summing points with separated
with gain which is reciprocal of output. inputs without disturbing the
the actual gain is to be inserted in output. Or three summing
the configuration in series. points can be combined to
form a single summing point
with the consideration of each
given input.

Fig:-2.7 Fig:-2.8 Fig:-2.9

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & CONCLUSION

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Anup Kumar Mallick Sir at KALYANI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE for his invaluable guidance and support in preparing this presentation on "Explanation of Block Diagram
Reduction Rules."
His insightful teaching, encouragement, and deep knowledge of control systems have greatly helped me understand
and present this topic effectively. I sincerely appreciate his dedication to fostering learning and providing a strong
foundation in this subject.
Thank you, Sir, for your mentorship and inspiration.

In this presentation, we explored the Block Diagram Reduction Rules, which are essential for simplifying control
system representations. By applying fundamental rules such as series and parallel combinations, feedback loop
reduction, and shifting summation and take-off points, we can systematically reduce complex systems into a single
transfer function.
Understanding these reduction techniques is crucial in control system analysis, as it helps in designing and
optimizing real-world automation and engineering systems efficiently.
By mastering these rules, we can simplify system behavior analysis, making control system design more intuitive and
manageable.

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 REFERENCES

1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/block-diagram-reduction-rules/
2. https://electronicscoach.com/block-diagram-reduction-rules.html
3. https://coursecontent.indusuni.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2020/09/Unit-1_BDR.pdf
4. https://miro.com/diagramming/block-diagram-reduction/

THANK YOU

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