Chapter 1

Database Systems
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain
product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
.
 Learning Objectives
 In this chapter, you will learn:
 The difference between data and information
 What a database is, the various types of databases, and
why they are valuable assets for decision making
 The importance of database design
 How modern databases evolved from file systems

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2
 Learning Objectives
 In this chapter, you will learn:
 About flaws in file system data management
 The main components of the database system
 The main functions of a database management system
(DBMS)

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
3
 Data versus Information
Data Information

 Raw facts  Produced by processing raw

 Have not yet been processed data to reveal its meaning
to reveal their meaning to  Requires context
the end user  Bedrock of knowledge
 Building blocks of information  Should be accurate, relevant,
 Data management and timely to enable good
 Generation, storage, and decision making
retrieval of data

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
4
 Introducing the Database
 Shared, integrated computer structure that stores a
collection of:
 End-user data - Raw facts of interest to end user
 Metadata: Data about data, which the end-user data are
integrated and managed
 Describe data characteristics and relationships
 Database management system (DBMS)
 Collection of programs
 Manages the database structure
 Controls access to data stored in the database
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
5
 Role of the DBMS
 Intermediary between the user and the database
 Enables data to be shared
 Presents the end user with an integrated view of the
data
 Receives and translates application requests into
operations required to fulfill the requests
 Hides database’s internal complexity from the
application programs and users
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
6
Figure 1.3 - The DBMS Manages the Interaction
between the End User and the Database

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
7
 Advantages of the DBMS
 Better data integration and less data inconsistency
 Data inconsistency: Different versions of the same data appear
in different places
 Increased end-user productivity
 Improved:
 Data sharing
 Data security
 Data access
 Decision making
 Data quality: Accuracy, validity, and timeliness of data
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
8
 Types of Databases
 Single-user database: Supports one user at a time
 Desktop database: Runs on PC
 Multiuser database: Supports multiple users at the
same time
 Workgroup databases: Supports a small number of
users or a specific department
 Enterprise database: Supports many users across
many departments

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
9
 Types of Databases
 Centralized database: Data is located at a
single site
 Distributed database: Data is distributed across
different sites
 Cloud database: Created and maintained using
cloud data services that provide defined
performance measures for the database

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
10
 Types of Databases
 General-purpose databases: Contains a wide
variety of data used in multiple disciplines
 Discipline-specific databases: Contains data
focused on specific subject areas
 Operational database: Designed to support a
company’s day-to-day operations

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
11
 Types of Databases
 Analytical database: Stores historical data and business
metrics used exclusively for tactical or strategic decision
making
 Data warehouse: Stores data in a format optimized for
decision support
 Online analytical processing (OLAP)
 Tools for retrieving, processing, and modeling data from the
data warehouse
 Business intelligence: Captures and processes business
data to generate information that support decision
making
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
12
 Types of Databases
 Unstructured data: It exists in their original state
 Structured data: It results from formatting
 Structure is applied based on type of processing to be
performed
 Semistructured data: Processed to some extent
 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
 Represents data elements in textual format

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
13
 Database Design
 Focuses on the design of the database structure that
will be used to store and manage end-user data
 Well-designed database
 Facilitates data management
 Generates accurate and valuable information
 Poorly designed database causes difficult-to-trace
errors

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
14
Evolution of File System Data Processing

Manual File Systems

Accomplished through a system of file folders and filing cabinets

Computerized File Systems

Data processing (DP) specialist: Created a computer-based system that would track data and
produce required reports

File System Redux: Modern End-User Productivity Tools

Includes spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
15
 Table 1.2 - Basic File Terminology

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
16
 Figure 1.8 - A Simple File System

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
17
 Problems with File System Data Processing

Lengthy development times

Difficulty of getting quick answers

Complex system administration

Lack of security and limited data sharing

Extensive programming

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
18
 Structural and Data Dependence
 Structural dependence: Access to a file is dependent
on its own structure
 All file system programs are modified to conform to a
new file structure
 Structural independence: File structure is changed
without affecting the application’s ability to access
the data

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
19
 Structural and Data Dependence
 Data dependence
 Data access changes when data storage
characteristics change
 Data independence
 Data storage characteristics is changed without
affecting the program’s ability to access the data
 Practical significance of data dependence is
difference between logical and physical format

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
20
 Data Redundancy
 Unnecessarily storing same data at different places
 Islands of information: Scattered data locations
 Increases the probability of having different versions of
the same data

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
21
 Data Redundancy Implications
 Poor data security
 Data inconsistency
 Increased likelihood of data-entry errors when
complex entries are made in different files
 Data anomaly: Develops when not all of the required
changes in the redundant data are made successfully

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
22
 Types of Data Anomaly
Update Anomalies

Insertion Anomalies

Deletion Anomalies

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
23
 Database Systems
 Logically related data stored in a single logical data
repository
 Physically distributed among multiple storage facilities
 DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems
 Current generation DBMS software:
 Stores data structures, relationships between structures,
and access paths
 Defines, stores, and manages all access paths and
components
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
24
Figure 1.9 - Contrasting Database and
File Systems

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
25
 Figure 1.10 - The Database System
Environment

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
26
 DBMS Functions
Data dictionary management
• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of the data elements and their relationships

Data storage management

• Performance tuning: Ensures efficient performance of the database in terms of
storage and access speed

Data transformation and presentation

• Transforms entered data to conform to required data structures

Security management
• Enforces user security and data privacy
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
27
 DBMS Functions
Multiuser access control
• Sophisticated algorithms ensure that multiple users can access the
database concurrently without compromising its integrity

Backup and recovery management

• Enables recovery of the database after a failure

Data integrity management

• Minimizes redundancy and maximizes consistency
©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
28
 DBMS Functions
Database access languages and application programming
interfaces
• Query language: Lets the user specify what must be done without having
to specify how
• Structured Query Language (SQL): De facto query language and data
access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors

Database communication interfaces

• Accept end-user requests via multiple, different network

environments

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
29
 Disadvantages of Database Systems
Increased costs

Management complexity

Maintaining currency

Vendor dependence

Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
30
 31

Table 1.3 - Database Career

Opportunities

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a
certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
31