UNIT 1 (part 3): NUMBERS AND THE
FOUR BASIC OPERATIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• Types of decimal fractions
• Rounding numbers to decimal places, significant figures.
• Writing numbers in standard form.
• Identify the number of significant figures.
• Finding Percentages, ratio and Proportion
Accuracy and Approximation
Decimal fractions
Types :
- Terminating decimals
- Recurring or repeating decimals
- Non-recurring , non-terminating decimals
a) Terminating decimals
- Have a finite number of decimals.
e.G i) 0.25 ii) 2.75 iii) 11.25755
b) Recurring decimals
- non-terminating decimals with a cycle of repetitions.
- We place a bar over the first repeating part.
e.G
i)
ii)
iii)
.
c) Non-recurring decimals
- Decimal forms of irrational numbers.
- The decimal digits continue without end.
- E.g
Interconversions of Vulgar and decimals fractions.
i) Vulgar fractions to decimal fractions
ii) Decimal fractions to vulgar fractions.
a) 2.4=
Decimal places
Express the following numbers correct to the to the indicated number of
decimal places:
1. 40.283 (2 d.p)
2. 0.0275 (2 d.p)
3. 38 (2 d.p)
4. 1017.2 (4 d.p)
5. 0.60 (1 d.p)
6. 3.42578 (2 d.p )
a)40.28
Solutions
b) 0.03
c)38.00
d)1017.2000
e)0.6
f) 0.043
Standard form
Standard form is also known as scientific notation.
It involves writing large numbers or very small numbers in
terms of powers of 10.
Standard form is given as:
Have only one non-zero digit before the decimal point.
There is a power of ten
Decimal point comes after the first non-zero digit of the
number.
If moving the decimal point to the right (-n)
If moving the decimal point to the left (+n)
Worked examples
a) Write 72 000 in standard form (Scientific notation)
b) Which of the following numbers are in standard form.
examples
Student Assessment
a) Write the answer to the following calculations in standard
form.
i)
iii)
Iv)
b) The speed of light is .
Jupiter.
c) A star is 300 light years away from Earth. If the speed of
light is /s . Calculate the distance from the star to Earth . Give
your answer in kilometres and write in standard form.
Solutions
a) i)
Standard form continues…
• Express the following floating decimal numbers in
standard form:
a)3000
b)234.024
c)0.00004
d)764
e)0.002304
f) 105.0
g)0.0000107
Standard form continues…
• Express the following standard forms in floating
decimals:
Significant figures
Significant means important.
Counted from the first non-zero digit from the left of the
given number.
Significant figures continues…
Express the following numbers correct to the indicated number of significant
figures:
a) 40.283 (2 s.f)
b) 0.0275 (2 s.f)
c) 4090.01249 (3 s.f)
d) 20.17 (3 s.f)
e) 38 (4 s.f)
f) 1017.2 (3 s.f)
g) (1 s.f)
Percentages
We can use percentages to express quantities in the same way
we use fractions.
“Percentage” is a fraction with denominator 100.
Percentages
1. Convert the following fractions to percentages:
a)
b)
Percentages
2. Convert the following percentages into fractions:
a)
b)
Percentage of a quantity:
The percentage of a quantity is calculated as :
Percentage of a quantity:
For example : (Change the ‘of’ to )
Percentage Increase:
For example : Increase 540 by 36%
Percentage decrease:
For example : The price of petrol is decreased from N$ 11.20 to N$
10.99. Calculate the percentage decrease in the price of petrol.
More readings on percentage:
(self study)
Study (Core and Ext)
Page 26- 29
Ratio:
Ratio
Is a comparison between two or more of quantities measured in the same
units.
Represent how one quantity is related to another quantity.
Example 1 simplifying ratio :
1
Ratio:
Example 2 simplifying ratio :
= 22: 36
=11: 18
Example 3
Sharing by a given ratio
e.g Divide N$ 500 between Sam and Eric in the ratio of 2:3 .
Solution:
Ratio:
Ratio increase or decrease.
e.g
i) Increase N$ 500 in the ratio 3:2
= 500
Ratio:
Ratio increase or decrease.
e.g
ii) Decrease N$ 750 in the ratio
2: 3
Ratio:
d) Finding a quantity, given the ratio and one outcome.
e.g There are ratio of apples to oranges is 3: 4. If there are 15 apples,
how many oranges are there?
Method 1: Arrow Method
3: 4
Method 2: Cross Multiplication
3: 4
Proportion
Proportion deals with how one quantity quantitatively relate to
another quantity.
a. Direct Proportion
Example :
5 books cost N$ 200. Find the cost of 20 books.
Cost
Example :
2. If 20 books cost N$ 800, how many books will be bought for N$200 ?
Number of books
Ten Women can grind a bag (50 kg) of Omahangu in 3 days.
How many women will grind the same
amount of Omahangu in
Solution
