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Lecture 5 _Updated

The document discusses various database models, including hierarchical, network, and relational models, highlighting their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. It outlines the evolution of data models from the 1960s to the present, emphasizing the importance of data models in organizing and managing data effectively. The relational database model is noted as the most widely used today, having replaced older models and facing competition from object-oriented and object-relational models.

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2 views

Lecture 5 _Updated

The document discusses various database models, including hierarchical, network, and relational models, highlighting their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. It outlines the evolution of data models from the 1960s to the present, emphasizing the importance of data models in organizing and managing data effectively. The relational database model is noted as the most widely used today, having replaced older models and facing competition from object-oriented and object-relational models.

Uploaded by

sp23-bcs-076
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 5

Database Models

By:
Syed Anwaar Mehdi
(Lecturer CUI Sahiwal)
Importance of Data Models

What is a Data Model?


• A graphical representation of
real-world data structures.
• Helps designers, programmers,
and users understand data.
• Organizes data to meet the needs of
different users.
The Evolution of Data Models
GENERATIO TIME MODEL EXAMPLES COMMENTS
N
First 1960s-1970s File system VMS/VSAM Used mainly on IBM
mainframe systems.
Managed records, not
relationships.
Second 1970s Hierarchical IMS, ADABAS, Early database systems.
and network IDS-II Navigational access.
Third Mid-1970s to Relational Conceptual simplicity.
present DB2, Oracle, Entity relationship (ER)
MS SQL-Server modeling support for
relational data modeling.
Fourth Mid-1980s to Object- Versant, Support complex data.
present oriented, VFS/FastObjec Extended relational
Extended ts, products support objects
Relational Objectivity/DB and data warehousing.
, DB2 UDB, Web databases become
Oracle 10g common.
Next Present to XML dbXML, Organization and
Generation future Tamino, DB2 management of
UDB, Oracle unstructured data.
10g Relational and object
models add support for
XML documents.
Hierarchical Database
Model
Hierarchical Database Model

Key Features:
Tree-like structure (upside-down).

Parent-child relationship (each child


has only one parent, but a parent can
have multiple children).
Top node is the parent of the next
level.
Hierarchical Database Model

Pavement
Improvem
ent

Reconstruc Maintenan Rehabilitat


tion ce ion

Routine Corrective Preventive


Hierarchical Database Model
Advantages:
Simple to understand
Data independence
Efficient for large databases

Disadvantages:
Complex to implement
Difficult to manage and lacks standards
Cannot handle many-to-many (M:N)
relationships
Structural changes require major program
modifications.
Network Database Model
Network Database Model
Network Database Model
History & Purpose:
Introduced in the 1960s (CODASYL).
Created to improve flexibility over the
hierarchical model.
Separates data structure from physical
storage.
Characteristics:
Uses nodes and links to represent data.
Allows many-to-many (M:N)
relationships.
Uses a data management language to
define and manipulate data.
Network Database Model
Key terms in network Model:
Node: An object of interest (e.g., a city in
a map)
Link: A relationship between two nodes
(e.g., a road between cities)
Path: A sequence of nodes and links (e.g.,
a route from one city to another)
Cost: Numeric value for finding the best
path
Duration: Time taken in a network (used
in logistics, routing).
Network Database Model
Network Hierarchy:
Organizes data at multiple levels
(parent-child relationships).
Sibling nodes: Nodes with the same
parent.
Sibling links: Links with the same parent.

Applications of the Network Model:


Road networks (e.g., Google Maps finds
the shortest route).
Biochemical pathways (e.g.,
interactions between proteins and genes).
Network Database Model
Advantages:
Simple to design.
Supports one-to-many & many-to-many
relationships.
Faster data access (owner-member
structure).
Data integrity (ensures data consistency).
Data independence (separates data from
applications)
Disadvantages:
Complex to manage and modify.
Lacks structural independence (changes in
structure require changes in programs).
Relational Database Model
Relational Database Model
Relational Database Model
Why Study the Relational Model?
Most widely used database model today.
Used by major database vendors (IBM,
Microsoft, Oracle, Sybase).
Replaced older models like hierarchical
and network models.
Recent competitor: Object-Oriented Model
(e.g., ObjectStore, Versant).
Emerging hybrid: Object-Relational Model
(e.g., Oracle, DB2).

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