MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
WATER LEVEL INDICATION & LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING ARDUINO

PRESENTED BY

Debajyoti Majumdar D222319508

Adnan Ansari D222319498

Prasenjit Kumar D222319510

Ankur Danda D202114499

Hare Krishna Mondal D202114506

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF :

DR. MD FARUK ALI (LECTURER AND PRINCIPAL-IN-CHARGE)

&
MR. SATYAKI SEN (LECTURER & H.O.D)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

NAZRUL CENTENARY POLYTECHNIC

 CONTENTS

Introduction

Components required

Block Diagram

Working principle & Operation

Application areas

Advantages & Disadvantages

Real time recorded data

Future Scope and needs in development

 INTRODUCTION

WATER LEVEL SENSOR

 THE WATER LEVEL SENSOR IS A DEVICE OR A NETWORK OF DEVICES THAT MEASURE AND MONITOR
THE LEVEL OF WATER FILLED OR STORED IN A TANK, A RESERVOIR, A JAR OR IN ANY OTHER BODY OF
WATER.
 THE WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS ARE VERY CRUCIAL IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS AND HAVE A
WIDE RANGE OF USES. THEY INCLUDE : WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT BY MONITORING WATER LEVELS
IN TANKS AND RESERVOIRS TO ENSURE A STEADY SUPPLY, FLOOD CONTROL BY DETECTING RISING
WATER LEVELS TO PREDICT AND PREVENT FLOODING, IRRIGATION BY REGULATING WATER LEVELS FOR
AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES, HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS BY MONITORING WATER LEVELS TO
OPTIMIZE ENERGY PRODUCTION.
 THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS INCLUDING MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ULTRASONIC SYSTEMS RADAR SYSTEMS PRESSURE BASED SYSTEMS.
 ARDUINO BASED ULTRASONIC LEVEL
MEASUREMENT:

 IN THIS PROJECT WE ARE GOING TO STUDY ABOUT THE ULTRASONIC WATER LEVEL
MEASUREMENT USING ARDUINO.
 IT WILL BE BASICAALY A NON CONTACT TYPE MEASURING INSTRUMENT AND IN
MODERN DAYS ULTRASONIC SENSORS ARE WIDELY USED AS THEY PROVIDE
ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS SO WE ARE GOING TO WORK USING IT.
 THIS PROJECT DEMONSTRATES HOW TO MEASURE THE WATER LEVEL IN A CONTAINER
USING AN ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER AND AN ULTRASONIC SENSOR. THE
ULTRASONIC SENSOR EMITS SOUND WAVES THAT BOUNCE OFF THE WATER SURFACE,
ALLOWING THE ARDUINO TO CALCULATE THE DISTANCE TO THE WATER AND,
CONSEQUENTLY, THE WATER LEVEL.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WATER LEVEL
INDICATOR AND LEVEL MEASUREMENT
USING ARDUINO
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
AND OPERATION OF LEVEL INDICATION
THE WATER LEVEL OR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT REQURIRES TWO MAIN COMPONENTS I.E.
 ARDUINO : THIS MICROCONTROLLER ACTS AS THE BRAIN OF THE SYSTEM, PROCESSING DATA FROM THE SENSOR AND
CONTROLLING THE OUTPUT.
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR (HC-SR04) : THIS SENSOR EMITS HIGH-FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES AND MEASURES THE
TIME IT TAKES FOR THE ECHO TO RETURN AFTER REFLECTING OFF A SURFACE. THIS TIME DIFFERENCE IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SENSOR AND THE SURFACE.
THEY WORK OR CALCULATE THE DISTANCE MAINLY IN 5 STEPS :
 POWER SUPPLY: THE ARDUINO AND ULTRASONIC SENSOR ARE POWERED BY A SUITABLE POWER SOURCE (USUALLY 5V
DC). *
 TRIGGER SIGNAL: THE ARDUINO SENDS A TRIGGER SIGNAL TO THE ULTRASONIC SENSOR, PROMPTING IT TO EMIT A
SHORT BURST OF ULTRASONIC SOUND WAVES. *
 ECHO RECEPTION: THE SENSOR'S RECEIVER WAITS FOR THE ECHO TO RETURN AFTER REFLECTING OFF THE WATER
SURFACE.
 TIME MEASUREMENT: THE ARDUINO MEASURES THE TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN THE TRANSMISSION OF THE TRIGGER
SIGNAL AND THE RECEPTION OF THE ECHO.
 DISTANCE CALCULATION: THE SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR IS KNOWN (APPROXIMATELY 343 M/S AT ROOM TEMPERATURE).
USING THE MEASURED TIME INTERVAL, THE ARDUINO CALCULATES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SENSOR AND THE WATER
SURFACE USING THE FORMULA: DISTANCE = (SPEED OF SOUND * TIME INTERVAL) / 2 .
 OPERATION OF LEVEL INDICATION

 FOR THE WATER LEVEL INDICATION THE SIMPLE LAW OF CONDUCTIVITY IS

USED.

 IN WHICH 3 LED’S ARE FIXED IN 3 LEVELS OF THE WATER TANK WHICH ARE
CONNECTED WITH WIRES USING SUITABLE RESISTANCES ONE ARM OF THE
RESISTANCES ARE CONNECTED WITH THE POWER SUPPLY AND ANOTHER
ARMS ARE CONNECTED WITH WIRES.

 THE WIRES WITH NAKED TIP ARE FIXED PARALLEL TO THE LED’S AT
DIFFERENT LEVELS . SO WHEN THE WATER IS POURED INTO THE WATER TANK
WHEN IT REACHES THE LEVELS AND TOUCHES THE TIP THE WIRES IT FORMS
A CLOSED CIRCUIT ALLOWING THE CURRENT TO FLOW THROUGH IT MAKING
THE LED’S GLOW AND INDICATE THE WATER LEVEL.
 APPLICATION AREAS OF ULTRASONIC WATER LEVEL
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
 TANK LEVEL MONITORING :
 ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID LEVELS IN TANKS, RESERVOIRS, AND STORAGE CONTAINERS.
 PREVENTS OVERFLOWS AND UNDERFLOWS, ENSURING EFFICIENT INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AND PROCESS CONTROL.
 USED IN INDUSTRIES LIKE OIL AND GAS, CHEMICALS, FOOD AND BEVERAGE, AND PHARMACEUTICALS.

 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT:

 DETERMINES THE FLOW RATE IN RIVERS, CANALS, AND OTHER OPEN CHANNELS BY MEASURING THE WATER LEVEL.
 ESSENTIAL FOR IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT, FLOOD CONTROL, AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT: MONITORS LEVELS IN SEDIMENTATION TANKS, AERATION BASINS, AND SLUDGE DIGESTERS.
 OPTIMIZES TREATMENT PROCESSES AND ENSURES COMPLIANCE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS.

 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING:
 EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS FOR FLOODS BY TRACKING RIVER AND LAKE LEVELS.
 HELPS IN TIMELY EVACUATION AND MITIGATION OF FLOOD DAMAGE.
 DETECTS SUDDEN CHANGES IN SEA LEVEL, PROVIDING CRUCIAL TIME FOR EVACUATION.

 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT:
 MONITORS WATER LEVELS IN RESERVOIRS FOR EFFICIENT WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND HYDROELECTRIC
POWER GENERATION.
 ADVANTAGES
 NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENT: ULTRASONIC SENSORS MEASURE THE WATER LEVEL WITHOUT
PHYSICALLY TOUCHING THE WATER, ELIMINATING THE RISK OF CONTAMINATION OR DAMAGE TO THE
SENSOR.
 VERSATILITY: THEY CAN BE USED IN A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS, FROM SMALL TANKS TO
LARGE RESERVOIRS, AND CAN MEASURE VARIOUS LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS.
 ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY: ULTRASONIC SENSORS PROVIDE ACCURATE AND RELIABLE
MEASUREMENTS, EVEN IN CHALLENGING CONDITIONS SUCH AS HIGH TEMPERATURES OR DUSTY
ENVIRONMENTS.
 REAL-TIME MONITORING: THEY CAN PROVIDE CONTINUOUS, REAL-TIME WATER LEVEL DATA,
ALLOWING FOR TIMELY ADJUSTMENTS AND PREVENTING POTENTIAL PROBLEMS.
 COST-EFFECTIVE: ULTRASONIC SENSORS ARE GENERALLY MORE AFFORDABLE THAN OTHER TYPES OF
WATER LEVEL SENSORS, MAKING THEM A COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR MANY APPLICATIONS.
 EASY INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE: THEY ARE TYPICALLY EASY TO INSTALL AND REQUIRE
MINIMAL MAINTENANCE, REDUCING LABOUR COSTS AND DOWNTIME
 LIMITATIONS

 LIMITED RANGE: ULTRASONIC WAVES CAN BE AFFECTED BY FACTORS LIKE

TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, AND AIR PRESSURE, WHICH CAN LIMIT THEIR
EFFECTIVE RANGE. THIS MAKES THEM LESS SUITABLE FOR MEASURING VERY
DEEP WATER BODIES OR IN ENVIRONMENTS WITH EXTREME CONDITIONS.
 FALSE ECHOES: SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN THE WATER CAN CREATE FALSE
ECHOES, CONFUSING THE SENSOR AND LEADING TO INCORRECT READINGS.
TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY: THE SPEED OF SOUND VARIES WITH
TEMPERATURE, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE ACCURACY OF THE MEASUREMENTS.
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION MECHANISMS ARE OFTEN NECESSARY.
PROJECT SET-UP
 REAL TIME RESULTS OF OUR PROJECT
LED1 status(water level LED2 status(water level LED3 status(water level
Sl.no Manually measured water level Water level measured using
high) medium) low)
ultrasonic sensor
1 21 21.23 ON ON ON
2 20.5 20.73 ON ON ON
3 19 19.2 OFF ON ON
4 18 18.3 OFF ON ON
5 17 17.42 OFF ON ON
6 16.3 16.45 OFF ON ON
7 14.1 14.31 OFF ON ON
8 12 12.3 OFF OFF ON
9 11.1 11.25 OFF OFF ON
10 9.2 9.21 OFF OFF ON
11 8.2 8.26 OFF OFF ON
12 7.3 7.1 OFF OFF ON
13 6.4 6.4 OFF OFF ON
14 6.1 6.08 OFF OFF ON
15 4.8 4.8 OFF OFF ON
16 3.3 3.2 OFF OFF ON
17 2.2 2.3 OFF OFF OFF
18 2 1.9 OFF OFF OFF
FUTURE SCOPE AND NEEDS IN DEVELOPMENT
• IMPROVED ACCURACY AND PRECISION: FUTURE SENSORS WILL AIM TO ACHIEVE HIGHER
ACCURACY AND PRECISION IN MEASUREMENTS, ESPECIALLY IN CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTS
WITH VARYING TEMPERATURES, PRESSURES, AND LIQUID TYPES.
• ENHANCED RANGE AND RESOLUTION: INCREASED RANGE AND RESOLUTION WILL ENABLE
SENSORS TO MEASURE DEEPER WATER LEVELS AND DETECT SMALLER CHANGES IN THE WATER
SURFACE, RESPECTIVELY.
• MULTI-PARAMETER SENSING: INTEGRATING ADDITIONAL SENSORS, SUCH AS TEMPERATURE,
PRESSURE, AND TURBIDITY SENSORS, WILL PROVIDE A MORE COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING
OF WATER QUALITY AND CONDITIONS.
• WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND IOT INTEGRATION: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES
AND INTEGRATION WITH THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) WILL ENABLE REMOTE MONITORING,
REAL-TIME DATA ANALYSIS, AND AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEMS.
• MINIATURIZATION AND POWER EFFICIENCY: SMALLER AND MORE ENERGY-EFFICIENT SENSORS
WILL BE DEVELOPED TO SUIT A WIDER RANGE OF APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING PORTABLE AND
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.
• ADVANCED SIGNAL PROCESSING: IMPROVED SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES WILL ENHANCE
THE SENSOR'S ABILITY TO FILTER OUT NOISE AND INTERFERENCE, LEADING TO MORE RELIABLE
MEASUREMENTS.
 CONCLUSION

IN CONCLUSION, THE FUTURE OF ULTRASONIC WATER LEVEL SENSORS

LIES IN CONTINUOUS INNOVATION TO MEET THE EVOLVING NEEDS OF
VARIOUS INDUSTRIES AND APPLICATIONS. BY ADDRESSING THE
CHALLENGES AND CAPITALIZING ON THE OPPORTUNITIES,
RESEARCHERS AND ENGINEERS CAN DEVELOP MORE ADVANCED AND
RELIABLE SENSORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A SUSTAINABLE AND
EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.