Unit 1

By Dr. Shilpa Bahl

Evolution of Internet
• The Internet, commonly referred to as "the Net," is a global wide
area network (GWAN) or a network of networks that links computer
systems all over the world. Generally, it is a worldwide system of
computer networks that have different high-bandwidth data lines,
which includes the Internet "backbone."
• Users at any computer can access information from any other
computer via the internet (assuming they have authorization). It
was known as the ARPANet for the first time, and in 1969, the
ARPA, called Advanced Research Projects Agency, conceived the
internet.
• an Internet service provider (ISP) in terms of connecting to the
Internet since they operate as a middleman between you and the
Internet.
YearY Event

This is the year in which the internet started to share

information s a way for government researchers. And, the
1960
first known MODEM and dataphone were introduced by
AT&T.

On May 31, 1961, Leonard Kleinrock released his first

1961
paper, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets."

A paper talking about packetization was released by

Leonard Kleinrock. Also, this year, a suggestion was given
1962 by Paul Baran for the transmission of data with the help of
using fixed-size message blocks
 TCP was created by Vinton
Cerf in 1973, and it was
released in December 1974
with the help of Yogen Dalal
and Carl Sunshine. ARPA
1973 also launched the first
international link, SATNET,
this year. And, the Ethernet
was created by Robert
Metcalfe at the Xerox Palo
The
Alto DNS was introduced
Research Center. by
1984 Jon Postel and Paul
Mockapetris.
Tim Berners-Lee introduced
the WWW (World Wide Web)
on August 6, 1991. On
August 6, 1991, he also
unveiled the first web page
and website to the general
1991
public. Also, this year, the
internet started to be
available to the public by
NSF. Outside of Europe, the
first web server came on 1
 The Mozilla Firefox web browser was released by
2004
Mozilla on 9 November 2004.

On 1 March 2008, the support b AOL for the

Netscape Internet browser was ended. Then, the
2008 Google Chrome web browser was introduced by
Google on 11 December 2008, and gradually it
became a popular web browser.

A person using the fictitious name Satoshi

2009 Nakamoto published the internet money Bitcoin on
3 January 2009.

On 28 October 2014, W3C recommended and

2014 released the HTML5 programming language to the
public.
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.6
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International
Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational
body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards. An ISO standard that
covers all aspects of network communications
is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model. It was first introduced in the late
1970s.
Topics discussed in this section:
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

2.7
Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.11
 Data Link Layer
 Communication Circuits make errors
occasionally
 DLL specific functions are:
◦ Providing a well defined service interface to the
network layer
◦ Dealing with transmission errors
◦ Regulating the flow of data so that the receivers
are not swamped by the fast senders
 Physical Addressing
 DLL layer adds header to the frame to
define the sender and receiver of the
frame.

 If the frame is intended for a system

outside the sender’s network, the
receiver address is the address of the
device that connects the network to
the next one
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.14
Responsibilities included by the n/w
layer
 Logical Addressing:
 Physical addressing is implemented by the DLL
handles the addressing problem locally.
 If the packet passes boundary we needed logical
addressing to distinguish the src and destination
 The network layer adds header to the packets
received from upper layer which defines the logical
address of the sender and receiver
 Routing
• The network layer controls the operation
of the subnet
• A key design issue is determining how
packets are routed from source to
destination
• Routes can be dependent upon many
things like current network load or on
static tables
• The control of congestion also belongs to
the network layer.
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.17
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.18
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.19
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.20
Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.21
TCP/IP
 History of TCP/IP
 The ARPANET was a research network sponsored by the
DOD (U.S. Dept. of Defense). It eventually connected
hundreds of universities and govt. institutes using leased
telephone lines.

 When satellite & radio networks were added later, the

existing protocols had trouble internetworking with them,
so a new reference architecture was needed. Thus the ability
to connect multiple networks together in a seamless way
was one of the major design goals from the very beginning.
 What is TCP/IP?
• TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow
cooperating computers to share resources across a
network

• TCP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol”

• IP stands for “Internet Protocol”

• They are Transport layer and Network layer

protocols respectively of the protocol suite

• The most well known network that adopted TCP/IP

is Internet – the biggest WAN in the world
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not
exactly match those in the OSI model. The
original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when
TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers:
physical, data link, network, transport, and
application.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.25
TCP/IP Reference
Model
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.27
The Host-to-Network Layer (Physical + Data link
Layers)
Inthis, the host has to connect to the network using
some protocol, so it can send IP packets over it.

This protocol isn’t defined & varies from host to

host & network to network.

It doesn’t define aNy specific protocol. It supports

all the standard & proprietary protocols.
 The Internet Layer

 It defines an official packet format & protocol called Internet

Protocol.
 The job of the internet layer is to deliver IP packets where they are
supposed to go.
 It provides only connectionless services between hosts.
 TCP/IP internet layer is very similar in functionality to the OSI
network layer.
 TCP/IP supports the internetworking protocol (IP). IP in turn uses 4
supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, IGMP.
 Internet layer ensure that every packet originated at the host will
reach the destination.
 The Transport Layer
 Transport layer is designed to allow peer entities
on the source & destination hosts to carry on a
conversation.

 2 Protocols defined on this are:

TCP
UDP
 The Application
 It containsLayer
all the higher-level protocols.

 They include:
1. Virtual terminal (TELNET)- allows a user on one machine to log
into a distant machine & work there.

2. File Transfer (FTP)- provides a way to move data efficiently from

one machine to another.

3. Electronic Mail (SMTP)

4. Domain Name Service (DNS)- used for mapping host names onto
their network addresses.

5. HTTP- used for moving new articles around

Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.32
Connecting Devices
In this section, we divide connecting devices
into five different categories based on the
layer in which they operate in a network

Made By : Mr Himanshu Pabbi 33

• The five categories contain devices which
can be defined as
1. Those which operate below the physical
layer such as a passive hub.
2. Those which operate at the physical layer
(a repeater or an active hub).
3. Those which operate at the physical and
data link layers (a bridge or a two-
layer switch).
4. Those which operate at the physical, data
link, and network layers (a router or a
three-layer switch).
5. Those which can operate at all five layers
(a gateway).
34
1. Passive Hubs
• A passive hub is just a connector
• It connects the wires coming from different
branches.
• It is used in star-topology
• This type of a hub is part of the media; its
location in the Internet model is below the
physical layer
• It simply broadcast the signal to all ports
except the incoming.

35
If computer 1 want to send data to computer 6 than
the hub will send the signal to all the computers
including computer 6
Hub has no knowledge where to send data.
Hub uses twisted pair and UTP cables to connect to
2. Repeaters/Active Hub
• A repeater is a device that operates
only in the physical layer.
• Signals that carry information within a
network can travel a fixed distance before
attenuation endangers the integrity of the
data.
• A repeater receives a signal and, before it
becomes too weak or corrupted,
regenerates the original bit pattern.
• The repeater then sends the refreshed
signal.

37
• A repeater connecting two segments of a
LAN

Example : In a building two separate departments

like testing and development can be connected
using repearter

38
LAN segment
• A section of a local area network that is used by a
particular workgroup or department and separated from
the rest of the LAN by a bridge, router or switch.
• Networks are divided into multiple segments for
security and to improve traffic flow by filtering out
packets that are not destined for the segment.
• A repeater is a regenerator, not an
amplifier
An amplifier cannot discriminate between
the intended signal and noise; it amplifies
equally everything fed into it.
A repeater does not amplify the signal;
it regenerates the signal. The noise of
signal can also be reduced by regenerating
the signal.
Repeater is used to connect two LAN
segments and not two LAN’s

40
41
3. Bridges
• Bridge is a layer 2 device i.e. it works on
both DLL and physical layer.
• As a DLL device it has knowledge about
physical address
• As a physical layer device, it forward
signal after regenerating.
• When A and C wants to communicate then
signal from A reaches the bridge and bridge
will read MAC address from frame of sender
as well as receiver.
• Since C is connected to port 3 so it will
forward the frame port 3 only hence unlike
hub or repeater, bridge has filtering
capability. 42
• When A and B are communicating then
C and D can also communicate hence
bridge is used to connect two or more LANs
and not LAN segment.
• Bridge is used to connect two or more
LANs and not LAN segment.

43
4. Routers
•A router is a three-layer device that routes
packets based on their logical addresses
(host-to-host addressing)
• A router normally connects LANs and
WANs in the Internet and has a routing
table that is used for making decisions
about the route.
• The routing tables are normally dynamic
and are updated using routing protocols

44
45
5. Gateway
• A gateway is normally a computer that
operates in all five layers of the Internet or
seven layers of OSI model.
• A gateway takes an application message,
reads it, and interprets it.
• This means that it can be used as a
connecting device between two
internetworks that use different
models.
• For example, a network designed to use
the OSI model can be connected to another
network using the Internet model.

46
• The gateway connecting the two systems
can take a frame as it arrives from the first
system, move it up to the OSI application
layer, and remove the message.

47
Internet Protocol
• Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is
sent from one computer to another on the internet. Each computer
is known as a host and on the internet has at least one IP address
that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the internet.
• An IP protocol provides the connectionless service, which
is accompanied by two transport protocols, i.e., TCP/IP and
UDP/IP, so internet protocol is also known
as TCP/IP or UDP/IP.
Function
• The main function of the internet protocol is to provide
addressing to the hosts, encapsulating the data into a
packet structure, and routing the data from source to the
destination across one or more IP networks.
Key Points For IP Protocol
• Internet Protocol is the primary protocol of the network layer. It uses a best-
effort mechanism to transport packets from source to destination.
• In a network, IP provides only those functions which are required to send
packets from source to destination.
• IP does not care whether the network is wired or wireless. It cares about the
delivery of packets. Also, it does not guarantee that the packets sent by the
sender will be received correctly by the receiver.
• IP does not track and maintain the flow of packets.
• On the sender side, when the network layer receives the segment from the
transport layer, it adds the IP header to the segment and forms the packet.
Then, the sender sends the packet to the receiver.
• When the receiver receives the packet, its network layer forwards the packet
to the transport layer, and the transport layer decides to which process the
packet should be assigned.
• Basically, there are two versions of IP, one is IPv4 (IP version-4), and the
other is IPv6 (IP version-6).
History of Internet Protocol
• The development of the protocol gets started in 1974
by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf. It is used in conjunction
with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), so they
together named the TCP/IP.
• After IPv4, the second major version of the internet
protocol was IPv6, which was version 6. It was officially
declared by the IETF in 1998. The main reason behind
the development of IPv6 was to replace IPv4. There is a
big difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is that IPv4 uses
32 bits for addressing, while IPv6 uses 128 bits for
addressing.
What is an IP packet?
• Before an IP packet is sent over the network, two major
components are added in an IP packet, i.e., header and
a payload. An IP header contains lots of information about the
IP packet which includes:
Source IP address: The source is the one who is sending the data.
Destination IP address: The destination is a host that receives
the data from the sender.
• Header length
• Packet length
• TTL (Time to Live): The number of hops occurs before the
packet gets discarded.
• Transport protocol: The transport protocol used by the internet
protocol, either it can be TCP or UDP.
IP Datagram
• VERSION: Version of the IP protocol (4 bits), which is 4 for IPv4

• HLEN: IP header length (4 bits), which is the number of 32 bit words in

the header. The minimum value for this field is 5 and the maximum is 15.

• Type of service: Low Delay, High Throughput, Reliability (8 bits)

• Total Length: Length of header + Data (16 bits), which has a minimum
value 20 bytes and the maximum is 65,535 bytes.

• Identification: Unique Packet Id for identifying the group of fragments of

a single IP datagram (16 bits)

• Flags: 3 flags of 1 bit each : reserved bit (must be zero), do not fragment
flag, more fragments flag (same order)

• Fragment Offset: Represents the number of Data Bytes ahead of the

particular fragment in the particular Datagram. Specified in terms of
number of 8 bytes, which has the maximum value of 65,528 bytes.
• Time to live: Datagram’s lifetime (8 bits), It prevents the datagram to
loop through the network by restricting the number of Hops taken by a
Packet before delivering to the Destination.

• Protocol: Name of the protocol to which the data is to be passed (8

bits)

• Header Checksum: 16 bits header checksum for checking errors in the

datagram header

• Source IP address: 32 bits IP address of the sender

• Destination IP address: 32 bits IP address of the receiver

• Option: Optional information such as source route, record route. Used

by the Network administrator to check whether a path is working or not.

• Due to the presence of options, the size of the datagram header can be
of variable length (20 bytes to 60 bytes).
What is IP Addressing?
• An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to the
computer which is connected to the internet. Users cannot
access the domain name of each website with the help of
these characters, so DNS resolvers are used that convert
the human-readable domain names into a series of
characters. Each IP packet contains two addresses, i.e.,
the IP address of the device, which is sending the packet,
and the IP address of the device which is receiving the
packet.
• An IPv4 address is 32-bit number which means that there
are a total of 232 (4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses. Here 4
means there are 4 octets separated by a dot. IPv4 consists
of two portions, a network portion and a host portion.
Types of IP Addresses based on
Scheme
1. IPV4
• IPv4 address consists of a network and a host portion. The size
of the network and host portion varies by network.
• In our case, 24 bits belong to the network portion, and the
remaining 8 bits belong to the host portion. The network portion
is the same for all the devices residing in the same network.
• Each device on the network has a unique IPv4 address.
2. IPv6:

• IPv6 addresses were created to deal with the shortage

of IPv4 addresses. They use 128 bits instead of 32,
offering a vastly greater number of possible addresses.
These addresses are expressed as eight groups of four
hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits.
The groups are separated by colons.
• Example of IPv6 Address:
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
Types of IP addresses Based on Usage

• Public address
• The public address is also known as an external address as they are grouped
under the WAN addresses. We can also define the public address as a way to
communicate outside the network. This address is used to access the internet.
The public address available on our computer provides the remote access to
our computer. With the help of a public address, we can set up the home
server to access the internet. This address is generally assigned by the ISP
(Internet Service Provider).
Key points related to public address are:
• The scope of the public address is global, which means that we can
communicate outside the network.
• This address is assigned by the ISP (Internet Service Provider).
• It is not available at free of cost.
• We can get the Public IP by typing on Google "What is my IP".
• Private address
• A private address is also known as an internal address, as it is
grouped under the LAN addresses. It is used to communicate
within the network. These addresses are not routed on the
internet so that no traffic can come from the internet to this
private address. The address space for the private address is
allocated using InterNIC to create our own network. The private
addresses are assigned to mainly those computers, printers,
smartphones, which are kept inside the home or the computers
that are kept within the organization. For example, a private
address is assigned to the printer, which is kept inside our home,
so that our family member can take out the print from the printer.
Based on Assignment Method

Static IP Addresses:

• These are permanently assigned to a device, typically important for

servers or devices that need a constant address.

• Reliable for network services that require regular access such as

websites, remote management.

Dynamic IP Addresses:

• Temporarily assigned from a pool of available addresses by the

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

• Cost-effective and efficient for providers, perfect for consumer

devices that do not require permanent addresses.
Classes of IPv4 Address
• There are around 4.3 billion IPv4 addresses and managing all those
addresses without any classification is next to impossible.
• Let’s understand it with a simple example. If you have to find a word
from a language dictionary, how long will it take just think about it.
Usually you will take less than 5 minutes to find that word. You are
able to do this because words in the dictionary are organized in
alphabetical order. If you have to find out the same word from a
dictionary that doesn’t use any sequence or order to organize the
words, it will take an eternity to find the word. If a dictionary with one
billion words without order can be so disastrous, then you can imagine
the pain behind finding an address from 4.3 billion addresses.
• For easier management and assignment IP addresses are organized in
numeric order and divided into the following 5 classes:
• IP addresses are also classified into different classes based on
their range and intended use:
•Class A (1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255):
•Used for very large networks (like multinational companies).
•Supports up to 16 million hosts per network.
•Example: 10.0.0.1 (Private IP in this class).
•Class B (128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255):
•Used for medium-sized networks, such as large organizations.
•Supports up to 65,000 hosts per network.
•Example: 172.16.0.1 (Private IP in this class).
•Class C (192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255):
•Used for smaller networks, like small businesses or home networks.
•Supports up to 254 hosts per network.
•Example: 192.168.1.1 (Private IP in this class).
•Class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255):
•Reserved for multicast groups (used to send data to multiple devices
at once).
•Not used for traditional devices or networks.
•Class E (240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255):
•Reserved for experimental purposes and future use.
Introduction to World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web (WWW), often called the Web, is a system of
interconnected webpages and information that you can access
using the Internet. It was created to help people share and find
information easily, using links that connect different pages
together. The Web allows us to browse websites, watch videos,
shop online, and connect with others around the world through our
computers and phones.
• WWW stands for World Wide Web and is commonly known as the
Web. The WWW was started by CERN in 1989. WWW is defined as
the collection of different websites around the world, containing
different information shared via local servers(or computers).
• Web pages are linked together using hyperlinks which are HTML-
formatted and, also referred to as hypertext, these are the
fundamental units of the Internet and are accessed
through Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP).
 System Architecture
• From the user’s point of view, the web consists of
a vast, worldwide connection of documents or web
pages. Each page may contain links to other pages
anywhere in the world. The pages can be retrieved
and viewed by using browsers of which internet
explorer, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome, etc
are the popular ones. The browser fetches the
page requested interprets the text and formatting
commands on it, and displays the page, properly
formatted, on the screen.
• Here the browser is displaying a web page on the
client machine. When the user clicks on a line of
text that is linked to a page on the abd.com
server, the browser follows the hyperlink by
sending a message to the abd.com server asking it
for the page.
• Here the browser displays a web page on the
client machine when the user clicks on a line of
text that is linked to a page on abd.com, the
browser follows the hyperlink by sending a
message to the abd.com server asking for the
page.
Features of WWW

• WWW is open source.

• It is a distributed system spread across various websites.

• It is a Hypertext Information System.

• It is Cross-Platform.

• Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many

services.

• Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.

Components of the Web

• There are 3 components of the web:

• Uniform Resource Locator (URL): URL serves as a
system for resources on the web.

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP

specifies communication of browser and server.

• Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): HTML

defines the structure, organisation and content of a
web page.
Difference Between WWW and Internet
Client-Server Architecture
Client-Server Architecture
• Client-server architecture is a fundamental concept in system
design where a network involves multiple clients and a server.
Clients are devices or programs that request services or
resources, while the server is a powerful machine providing
these resources or services. This architecture allows efficient
data management and resource sharing, making it popular in
web applications, databases, and other network-based systems.
By separating roles and distributing tasks, client-server
architecture enhances performance, scalability, and security.
Key Components of Client Server Architecture

• Client-server architecture in system design involves several key

components that work together to ensure efficient communication, resource
management, and service delivery. Here are the main components:
• Client: The client is a device or application that requests services or
resources from the server. It initiates communication with the server and
processes the results returned by the server.

• Server: The server is a powerful machine or application that provides

services or resources to clients. It processes client requests, performs the
necessary computations or data retrieval, and sends back the appropriate
responses.

• Network: The network facilitates communication between clients and

servers. It enables data exchange using various protocols and ensures
reliable connectivity.
• Protocols: Protocols are standardized rules that govern data transmission
and communication between clients and servers. They ensure that data is
transmitted in a secure, reliable, and understood manner.

• Middleware: Middleware is software that acts as an intermediary

between clients and servers. It provides additional functionalities like
authentication, logging, message queuing, and transaction management.

• Database: A database is a structured collection of data stored on the

server. It stores and manages data that clients request, ensuring data
consistency, integrity, and security.

• User Interface (UI): The UI is the part of the client application that
interacts with the user. It provides a means for users to input data and
view results returned by the server.

• Application Logic: Application logic refers to the code and algorithms

that define the application's functionality. It processes user inputs,
interacts with the server, and manages the flow of data between the client
and the server.
1-Tier Architecture

In 1-Tier Client Server Architecture, Everything

related to the application is grouped and used as a
single package to deliver the application. All the
logic related to the User Interface, Business Logic,
Database Logic, and Database are grouped to
make a single entity.
A 1-tier architecture offers various services that
make it a reliable source, but it is complex to
manage. The data variance is the primary problem.
Work is often duplicated. A 1-tier architecture
involves several layers, including the presentation
layer, business layer, and data layer, which are
combined using a unique software package. This
layer usually stores data within local systems or on
a shared drive.
 WEB Server
Web pages are a collection of data, including images, text files, hyperlinks, database
files etc.,
all located on some computer (also known as server space) on the Internet. A web
server
is dedicated software that runs on the server-side.
When any user requests their web browser to run any web page, the webserver places
all the data materials together into an organized web page
and forwards them back to the web browser with the help of the Internet. Therefore,
we can conclude that: -
A web server is a dedicated computer responsible for running websites sitting
out on those computers somewhere on the Internet. They are specialized programs that circulate
web
pages as summoned by the user. The primary objective of any web server is to collect, process
and provide web pages to the users.
• This intercommunication of a web server with a web browser is
done with the help of a protocol named HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol). These stored web pages mostly use static
content, containing HTML documents, images, style sheets, text
files, etc. However, web servers can serve static as well as
dynamic contents. Web Servers also assists in emailing services
and storing files. Therefore it also uses SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocols to support the
respective services. Web servers are mainly used in web hosting
or hosting the website's data and running web-based applications.
• The hardware of the web servers are connected to the Internet
that manages the data exchange facility within different
connected devices. In contrast, the software of web server
software is responsible for controlling how a user accesses
delivered files. Typically, web server management is an ideal
example of the client/server model. Therefore, it is compulsory
for all computers that host websites (whether with state or
dynamic web page content) to have web server software.
How do web servers work?
• The term web server can denote server hardware or
server software, or in most cases, both hardware
and software might be working together.
1.On the hardware side, a web server is defined as a computer
that stores software and another website raw data, such as HTML
files, images, text documents, and JavaScript files. The hardware of
the web servers are connected to the web and supports the data
exchange with different devices connected to the Internet.
2.On the software side, a web server includes server software
accessed through website domain names. It controls how web users
access the web files and ensures the supply of website content to
the end-user. The web server contains several components,
including an HTTP server.
3.Whenever any web browser, such as Google Chrome,
Microsoft Edge or Firefox, requests for a web page hosted on a web
server, the browser will process the request forward with the help
of HTTP. At the server end, when it receives the request,
the HTTP server will accept the request and immediately start
looking for the requested data and forwards it back to the web
browser via HTTP.
The step-by-step process of what happens whenever a web browser
approaches the web server and requests a web file or file. Follow the below
steps:
1.First, any web user is required to type the URL of the web page in the
address bar of your web browser.
2.With the help of the URL, your web browser will fetch the IP address of
your domain name either by converting the URL via DNS (Domain Name
System) or by looking for the IP in cache memory. The IP address will direct
your browser to the web server.
3.After making the connection, the web browser will request for the web
page from the web server with the help of an HTTP request.
4.As soon as the web server receives this request, it immediately responds
by sending back the requested page or file to the web browser HTTP.
5.If the web page requested by the browser does not exist or if there
occurs some error in the process, the web server will return an error
message.
6.If there occurs no error, the browser will successfully display the webpage.
Types of Web server

• Apache HTTP Server

This web server is developed by Apache Software
Foundation. It is an open-source, accessible web server
available for almost all operating systems, including
Windows, MACOS, Linus, FreeBSD, etc. Apache is one of
the most popular web servers used around the globe.
• Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
IIS is a high-performance web server that is developed
by Microsoft only for Microsoft platforms. This webs
server is tightly integrated with Microsoft operating
system; therefore, it is not open-sourced.
• Sun Java System Web Server
Sun Java is a free web server developed by Sun
Microsystems well equipped for a medium and large
website that can run on Windows, Linux and Unix.
Moreover, this web server supports several languages,
scripts and technologies essential for Web 2.0, unlike
JSP, Java Servlets, PHP, Python, HTML, etc. Though Sun
Java is free, it is not an open-source web server.
What is a Browser?

• A browser is a software program that is used to explore, retrieve, and

display the information available on the World Wide Web. This
information may be in the form of pictures, web pages, videos, and
other files that all are connected via hyperlinks and categorized with the
help of URLs (Uniform Resource Identifiers). For example, you are view
• ing this page by using a browser.
• A browser is a client program as it runs on a user computer or mobile
device and contacts the webserver for the information requested by the
user. The web server sends the data back to the browser that displays
the results on internet supported devices. On behalf of the users, the
browser sends requests to web servers all over the internet by using
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). A browser requires a smartphone,
computer, or tablet and internet to work.
Features of Web Browser
1.Refresh button: Refresh button allows the website to reload the
contents of the web pages. Most of the web browsers store local
copies of visited pages to enhance the performance by using a
caching mechanism. Sometimes, it stops you from seeing the
updated information; in this case, by clicking on the refresh button,
you can see the updated information.
2.Stop button: It is used to cancel the communication of the web
browser with the server and stops loading the page content. For
example, if any malicious site enters the browser accidentally, it
helps to save from it by clicking on the stop button.
3.Home button: It provides users the option to bring up the
predefined home page of the website.
4.Web address bar: It allows the users to enter a web address in
the address bar and visit the website.
5.Tabbed browsing: It provides users the option to
open multiple websites on a single window. It helps users
to read different websites at the same time. For example,
when you search for anything on the browser, it provides
you a list of search results for your query. You can open
all the results by right-clicking on each link, staying on
the same page.
6.Bookmarks: It allows the users to select particular
website to save it for the later retrieval of information,
which is predefined by the users.
Component of a Web browser
1.User Interface: The user interface is an area where the user can use several
options like address bar, back and forward button, menu, bookmarking, and
many other options to interact with the browser.
2.Browser Engine: It connects the UI (User Interface) and the rendering engine
as a bridge. It queries and manipulates the rendering engine based on inputs
from several user interfaces.
3.Rendering Engine: It is responsible for displaying the requested content on
the browser screen. It translates the HTML, XML files, and images, which are
formatted by using the CSS. It generates the layout of the content and displays
it on the browser screen. Although it can also display the other types of content
by using different types of plugins or extensions. such as:
1. Internet Explorer uses Trident
2. Chrome & Opera 15+ use Blink
3. Chrome (iPhone) & Safari use Webkit
4. Firefox & other Mozilla browsers use Gecko
Component of a Web browser
1.Networking: It retrieves the URLs by using internet protocols like HTTP or FTP. It
is responsible for maintaining all aspects of Internet communication and security.
Furthermore, it may be used to cache a retrieved document to reduce network
traffic.
2.JavaScript Interpreter: As the name suggests, JavaScript Interpreter translates
and executes the JavaScript code, which is included in a website. The translated
results are sent to the rendering engine to display results on the device screen.
3.UI Backend: It is used to draw basic combo boxes and Windows (widgets). It
specifies a generic interface, which is not platform-specific.
4.Data Storage: The data storage is a persistence layer that is used by the
browser to store all sorts of information locally, like cookies. A browser also
supports different storage mechanisms such as IndexedDB, WebSQL,
localStorage, and FileSystem. It is a database stored on the local drive of your
computer where the browser is installed. It handles user data like cache,
bookmarks, cookies, and preferences.
How does a browser work?
• When a user enters something (like javatpoint.com) in the browser.
This request goes to a domain name server.
• The browser sends the user request to the server using an IP
address, which is described by the domain name server.
• The domain name server sends an IP address to the web server
that hosts the website.
• The server sends the information back to the IP address, which is
defined by the browser at the time of the request. The requested
page may include links to other files on the same server, like
images, for which the browser also requests the server.
• The browser gathers all the information requested by the user, and
displays on your device screen in the form of web pages.