MOBILE & STANDARDS

AMPS Radio System

1. To increase the capacity in large AMPS markets, Motorola developed an AMPS- like system called N- AMPS
(narrowband AMPS) in 1991.

2. N-AMPS were a useful transition technology before 2 G equipment became available. N AMPS provided three users in
a 30 kHz AMPS channel by using FDMA and 10 kHz channels, and provided three times the capacity of AMPS.

3. By replacing AMPS channels with three N- AMPS channels at one time, service providers were able to provide more
trunked radio channels (and thus a much better grade of service) at base stations in heavily populated areas.

4. N- AMPS used the SAT and ST signalling and blank and burst functions in exactly the same manner as AMPS, except
the signalling was done by using sub-audible data streams.

5. Since 10 kHz channels are used, the FM deviation is decreased in N-AMPS. This I turn reduces the S/ (N+1) which
degrade the audio quality with respect to AMPS. To counteract this, N

6. AMPS uses voice companding to provide a synthetic voice channel quieting.

7. Ti counteracts this, N-AMPS, except the signalling was done by using sub-audible data streams.

8. N-AMPS specify a 300Hz high pass audio filter for each voice channel so that supervisory and signalling data may be
sent without blanking the voice.

9. The SAT and ST signalling is sent using a continuous 200 bps NRZ data stream that is FSK modulated. SAT and ST are
called as DSAT and DST in N- AMPS because they are sent digitally and repetitiously in small, predefined code blocks.
IS – 95B

1. The interim data solution of CDMA is called IS-95B. Like GPRS, IS-95B is already being deployed worldwide, and provides high
speed packet and circuit switched data access on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple orthogonal user
channels (Walsh functions) for specific users and specific purposes.

2. Each IS-95 CDMA radio channel supports up to 64 different user channels. The original IS-95 throughput rate specification of
9.6 kbps was not implemented in practice but was improved to the current rate of 14.4 kbps as specified in IS-95A.

3. The 2.5G CDMA solution, IS-95B supports medium data rate (MDR) service by allowing a dedicated user to command up to 8
different user Walsh codes simultaneously and in parallel for an instantaneous throughput of 115.2 kbps per user (8*14.4
kbps)

4. However, only about 64 kbps of practical throughput is available to a single user in IS-95B due to the slotting techniques of
the air interface.

5. IS-95B also specifies hard hand-off procedures that allow subscriber units to record different radio channels in the network
without instructions from the switch so that the subscriber

GSM
6. Second Generation Cellular Technology Duplexing used is FDD

7. Introduced in the year 1990 by Europe Reverse Link :- 890 to 915 MHz

8. Multiple Access used is TDMA Forward Link :- 935 to 960 MHz

9. Modulation Technique used is GMSK Spacing between forward & reverse channel pair :- 45MHz

Bandwidth of channel :- 200 kHz No of Duplex RF channels – 125

Introduced in US as PCS (Personal Communication System

 Further Generations are
• HSCSD (2.5th Generation)
• GPRS (2.5th Generation)
• EDGE (2.5th Generation)
 DEFINE
• Base station: A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with mobile stations. Stations are located at the center or on
the edge of a coverage region and consists of radio and transmitter and
receiver antennas mounted on a tower.
• Control channel :It is defined as the radio channel used for the transmission
of beacons such as call set up, call request, call initiation etc.
• Forward Channel – Radio channel used for transmission of information from
the base station to the mobile.
• Reverse Channel – Base station used for transmission of data from mobile
station to base ststion
• Mobile Station: A station in the cellular radio system intended to use while in
motion at unspecified locations is called a mobile station. Mobile stations
may be hand-held personal units (portables) or installed in vehicles (mobiles)
• Hand off - When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is
in progress, the MSC automatically transfers the call to a new channel
belonging to the new base station. This procedure is called handoff.(In
cellular telecommunications, the term handoff refers to the process of
transferring an ongoing call from one channel connected to the core network
to another, when a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is
in progress.)
• Mobile Switching Center - Switching Center which co-ordinates the routing of
calls in a large service area. In a cellular radio system, MSC connects the
cellular base station and the mobiles to the PSTN. An MSO is also called as
Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO).
• Transceiver: A device capable of simultaneously transmitting & receiving
radio signals.
TYPES OF WIRELESS PAGING SYSTEM
 WORKING
• Pager is a Simplex Communication Device.
• Paging Systems are communication systems that send messages to a
subscriber.  Message can be numeric or alphanumeric.
• Paging Systems are used to notify a subscriber of the need to call a particular
telephone number or to travel to a location to receive further instructions.
• In modern paging systems, news headlines, faxes can also be sent.
• A message is sent to a paging subscriber via the paging system access number
with a telephone keypad or modem. The issued message is called a „Page‟.
• The paging system then transmits the page throughout the service area using
base stations which broadcast the page on a radio carrier.
• The coverage area of a simple paging system ranges from 2 to 5 km while a
wide paging system can have a worldwide coverage area.
• Whenever a sender wants to send a message to a receiver he dials the 10 digit
pager number of receiver through his telephone. Then this call is accepted by
the operator present in the paging control center.
• Then the operator will broadcast the message and the receiver paging number
to all the paging terminals or the base stations.
• Then a particular base station under the area where the receiver is present will
transmit the message to the receiver pager.
• Then the receivers’ pager device will receive all messages and will verify
whether the sender number is stored in its memory or not.
• If it is stored then the pager device will give beep which indicates the receiver
that a message is sent by sender to his pager and the message will be
displayed in the LCD.
 OPERATION
• Paging system are communication systems that sends brief (short) message to subscriber. Depending on
the type of service, the message may be either a numeric message, an alphanumeric message or a voice
message.
• Paging systems are typically used to notify a subscriber of the need to call a particular telephone number
or travel to know location to receive further instructions.
• In modern paging system, news headlines, stock quotation & faxes may be sent. A message is sent to a
paging subscriber via the “Paging System Access Number” with a telephone keypad or modem.
• The issued (transmitted) message is called PAGE. The paging system then transmits the page throughout
the service area using base station which broadcast the page on a radio carrier.
• Paging systems are vary widely in their complexity & coverage area. while simple paging systems may
cover a limited range of 2km to 5km, or may even be confined within individual buildings, wide area
paging systems can provide worldwide coverage.
• Though paging receivers are simple & inexpensive, the transmission system required is quite
sophisticated. Wide area paging systems consists of a network of telephone lines, many base station
transmitter, and large radio tower that simultaneously broadcast a page from each base station [ THIS IS
CALLED SIMULCAST].
• Simulcast transmitter may be located within the same service area or in different cities or countries.
Paging systems are designed to provide reliable communication to subscriber wherever they are.
CORDLESS TELEPHONE SYSTEM

1.Cordless Telephone Systems are full

duplex communication systems that use
radio to connect a portable handset to a
dedicated base station, which is also
connected to a dedicated telephone line
with a specific telephone number on
PSTN.
2.The fixed port of a cordless telephone
is nothing but the base unit on which
cordless handset is placed, is connected
to a telephone line and an adapter to
produce a dc supply for various
electronic circuits inside the base unit.
3. The communication between the base unit and the handset is wireless and the range is
limited to 50 meters.
4.In the base unit all call processing circuits like amplifiers and also ring circuit is present.
In addition a transceiver is also present which is used for communication with the handset.
In handset also the transceiver along with an antenna, amplifier, microphone and loud
speaker are present.
5.1st generation cordless telephone systems could cover only distance of a few ten
meters(approximately 50m)and can be operated solely as extension telephones to a
transceiver connected to a subscriber line on the PSTN and are primarily for in-home use.
6. 2nd generation cordless telephone systems could cover distance of a few hundred
meters which allows subscribers to use their handsets at many outdoor locations within
urban centers.
7.Cordless telephone systems provide the user with limited range and mobility, as it is not
possible to maintain a call if the user travels outside the range of the base station.
CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM
 EXPLAIN STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE OF LANDLINE ORIGINATED CALL
WITH NEAT TIMING DIAGRAM.

When a cellular phone is turned ON, but not yet engaged in a call, it first scans the
group of forward control channels to determine the one with the strongest signal, and
then monitors that control channel until the signal level drops below a usable level.
Call initiation by a landline (PSTN) subscriber to mobile user: The mobile switching
centre (MSC) dispatches the request to all base station in a cellular system. The
Mobile Identification Number (MIN) which is subscriber telephone number is then
broadcast as a paging message over all of the forward control channels throughout
the cellular system. The mobile receives the paging message sent by BS which s
monitors, and responds by identifying itself over the RCC. The BS relays the
acknowledgement sent by the mobile and informs the MSC of handshake.
• The MSC instructs the BS
to move the call to an
unused voice channel pair
within the cell. The BS
signals the mobile to
change frequencies to an
unused forward and
reverse voice channel pair.
Another data message is
transmitted on forward
channel to instruct the
mobile telephone to ring
and mobile user to answer
the phone. Figure below
shows sequence of events
involved in call
connection.
WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL)
• WLL stands for Wireless Local Loop. Microwave
wireless links can be used to create a wireless
local loopLocal Loop is a network that resides
between the central office (CO) and the
individual homes and business in close
proximity to the central office (CO). In most
developed countries, copper or optical fiber
cable already has been installed to residence
and business. One more advantage of WLL is
that we have to pay only once for that wireless
equipment, after there is no additional costs
involved. System WLL is based on Cellular,
satellite, microcellular. The WLL can greatly
improve the telecommunication facilities and
services in an inexpensive way. It provides1.
High bandwidth is available 2. Faster
deployment 3. Lower deployment costs 4. Lower
network maintenance, management and
operating cost
LOCAL MULTIPOINT DISTRIBUTION SERVICE(LMDS)
• LMDS: Local multi-point distribution system. It is a broadband
wireless point to multipoint communication system that provides
reliable digital two-way voice, data and Internet services. The term
"Local" indicates that the signals range limit. "Multipoint" indicates a
broadcast signal from the subscribers, the term "distribution" defines
the wide range of data that can be transmitted, data ranging
anywhere from voice, or video to Internet and video traffic. It
provides high capacity point to multipoint data access that is less
investment intensive. Advantages:
• Lower entry and deployment cost.
• Ease and speed of deployment.
• Fast realization of revenue.
• Uses low powered high frequency (25-31 GHz) signals over a short
distance. Four parts in LMDS are:
• 1. NOC (network operation center).
• 2. Fiber based infrastructure.
• 3. Base station
• . 4. Customer premise equipment.