Unit V

Topics
The steps in data visualization are as
follows
 :
1. Define a clear purpose. What do you want to achieve with your data visualization? Are you trying to
tell a story, make a comparison, or identify trends? Once you know your purpose, you can start to
choose the right data and visuals to support it.
2. Know your audience. Who are you creating your data visualization for? What are their needs and
interests? Keep your audience in mind when choosing the type of data, visuals, and language to use.
3. Keep visualizations simple. Too much infor
4. mation can be overwhelming and make it difficult for your audience to understand your message.
Use clear and concise visuals that are easy to read and interpret.
5. Choose the right visual. There are many different types of data visualizations, each with its own
strengths and weaknesses. Choose the type of visual that is best suited for your data and purpose.
6. Make sure your visualizations are inclusive. Consider the needs of all of your audience members,
including those with disabilities. Use accessible fonts and colors, and provide alternative text for any
images.
7. Provide context. Don't just leave your audience hanging. Explain what the data means and how it
relates to their interests. Provide context for your visualizations by including a title, labels, and a
legend.
8. Make it actionable. What do you want your audience to do after they see your data visualization?
Provide clear calls to action that tell them what you want them to do.
 Here are some additional tips for creating effective data visualizations:
• Use consistent fonts, colors, and styles throughout your visualization.
• Use white space to make your visualization easy to read and understand.
• Test your visualization with different audiences to make sure it is clear and effective.
• Keep your visualization up-to-date with the latest data.
 problems in desiging effective
visualization

 There are many problems that can occur when designing effective visualizations. Some of the most
common problems include:
• Using the wrong chart type. There are many different types of charts and graphs, each with its own
strengths and weaknesses. Choosing the wrong chart type can make it difficult for your audience to
understand your data.
• Using too much data. Too much data can be overwhelming and make it difficult for your audience to see
the important trends. It is important to choose the right amount of data to show in your visualization.
• Using poor color choices. Color can be a powerful tool for communicating information, but it is important
to use it wisely. Poor color choices can make your visualization difficult to read and understand.
• Using cluttered layouts. A cluttered layout can make it difficult for your audience to focus on the
important information. It is important to use white space and clear labels to make your visualization
easy to read.
• Not providing context. It is important to provide context for your visualization by including a title, labels,
and a legend. This will help your audience understand what the data means and how it relates to their
interests.
 Issues of Data

 There are a number of issues that can arise when using data in data visualization. Some of
the most common issues include:
• Data quality: The data used for visualization must be of high quality. This means that the
data must be accurate, complete, and consistent. If the data is not of high quality, the
visualization will be misleading or inaccurate.
• Data relevance: The data used for visualization must be relevant to the purpose of the
visualization. If the data is not relevant, the visualization will be confusing or unhelpful.
• Data interpretation: The data used for visualization must be interpreted correctly. This
means that the viewer must be able to understand what the data is telling them. If the
data is not interpreted correctly, the visualization will be misleading or ineffective.
• Data presentation: The data used for visualization must be presented in a clear and
concise way. This means that the viewer must be able to easily understand the data and
its meaning. If the data is not presented clearly, the visualization will be confusing or
ineffective.
Issues of data

 Here are some additional tips for avoiding data issues in data visualization:
• Clean and prepare your data: Before you start visualizing your data, it is important to clean and
prepare it. This means removing any errors or inconsistencies in the data, and formatting it in a
way that is easy to understand.
• Choose the right visualization: There are many different types of data visualizations, each with
its own strengths and weaknesses. Choose the type of visualization that is best suited for your
data and purpose.
• Test your visualization: Once you have created your visualization, it is important to test it with
different audiences to make sure it is clear and effective. This will help you identify any
problems with your visualization and make necessary adjustments.
• Keep your visualization up-to-date: As your data changes, it is important to update your
visualization to reflect the latest information. This will ensure that your visualization is always
accurate and up-to-date.
 Issues of cognition, perception and
reasoning
 Cognition, perception, and reasoning are all important factors to consider when creating
data visualizations. By understanding how these processes work, you can create
visualizations that are more effective and easier to understand.
 Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in thinking, understanding, and learning.
When we look at a data visualization, our brains are working to make sense of the
information. We are trying to identify patterns, trends, and outliers. We are also trying to
understand the meaning of the data.
 Perception refers to the way we interpret sensory information. When we look at a data
visualization, our eyes are taking in the visual information. Our brains are then processing
this information and creating a mental model of what we are seeing.
 Reasoning refers to the process of drawing conclusions from evidence. When we look at a
data visualization, we are using our reasoning skills to interpret the information and draw
conclusions.
 Issues of conginition, perception
and reasoning

 By understanding how these processes work, you can create data visualizations that are
more effective and easier to understand. Here are a few tips:
• Use clear and concise visuals. Avoid using too much clutter or unnecessary information. The
goal is to make it easy for the viewer to understand the data.
• Use appropriate colors and fonts. Colors and fonts can be used to highlight important
information and make the visualization more visually appealing.
• Label all axes and legends. This will help the viewer understand what the data represents.
• Provide context for the visualization. Explain what the data means and how it relates to the
viewer's interests.
 Issues of conginition, perception
and reasoning
 Here are some specific examples of how cognition, perception, and reasoning can affect the
way people interact with data visualizations:

• People with attention impairments may have difficulty focusing on a data visualization for a
long period of time. This can make it difficult for them to understand the information.

• People with memory impairments may have difficulty remembering the information
presented in a data visualization. This can make it difficult for them to follow the narrative of
the visualization.

• People with problem-solving impairments may have difficulty identifying the patterns and
trends in a data visualization. This can make it difficult for them to draw conclusions from
the data.
 Issues of System Design Evaluation

 System design evaluation is the process of assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of a
system design. It is important to evaluate system designs to ensure that they meet the
needs of the users and stakeholders.
 There are a number of issues that can arise during system design evaluation. These include:
• Incomplete or inaccurate requirements: If the requirements for the system are incomplete or
inaccurate, it can be difficult to evaluate the design.
• Unrealistic or unattainable goals: If the goals for the system are unrealistic or unattainable, it
can be difficult to evaluate the design.
• Lack of expertise: If the evaluators do not have the necessary expertise, it can be difficult to
evaluate the design.
• Time constraints: If the evaluation is conducted under time constraints, it can be difficult to
do a thorough job.
 Issues of System Design Evaluation
 These issues can be addressed by taking steps to ensure that the requirements are complete
and accurate, the goals are realistic and attainable, the evaluators have the necessary
expertise, and there is sufficient time for the evaluation.
 System design evaluation is an important part of the system development process. By
addressing the issues that can arise during evaluation, you can ensure that the system
design is effective and efficient.
 Here are some additional tips for conducting a successful system design evaluation:
• Involve stakeholders: Stakeholders are the people who will be using the system or who will be
affected by it. It is important to involve stakeholders in the evaluation process to ensure that
their needs are met.
• Use a variety of methods: There are a variety of methods that can be used to evaluate
system designs. It is important to use a variety of methods to get a comprehensive view of
the design.
• Be objective: The evaluators should be objective in their assessment of the design. They
should not let their personal biases influence their evaluation.
Hardware and applications

• Hardware:
• Graphics cards: Graphics cards are used to render the images that are used in data visualizations.
They are important for providing high-quality visualizations that are easy to understand.
• Large screens: Large screens are used to display data visualizations. They are important for providing
a clear and concise view of the data.
• Touchscreens: Touchscreens are used to interact with data visualizations. They are important for
providing a more interactive and engaging experience.
• Applications:
• Microsoft Excel: Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application that can be used to create data
visualizations. It is a popular choice for businesses and organizations because it is easy to use and
provides a variety of features for creating visualizations.
• Tableau: Tableau is a data visualization software application that can be used to create interactive and
engaging visualizations. It is a popular choice for businesses and organizations because it provides a
variety of features for creating and sharing visualizations.
• QlikView: QlikView is a data visualization software application that can be used to create interactive
and engaging visualizations. It is a popular choice for businesses and organizations because it
provides a variety of features for creating and sharing visualizations.