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Computer Languages

The document outlines the evolution of computer languages from first to fifth generation, detailing their definitions, characteristics, and examples. It explains machine language as binary code, assembly language as symbolic representations, high-level languages for abstraction and portability, problem-oriented languages for specific tasks, and AI-focused languages emphasizing declarative programming. Each generation reflects advancements in programming ease and functionality.

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9 views7 pages

Computer Languages

The document outlines the evolution of computer languages from first to fifth generation, detailing their definitions, characteristics, and examples. It explains machine language as binary code, assembly language as symbolic representations, high-level languages for abstraction and portability, problem-oriented languages for specific tasks, and AI-focused languages emphasizing declarative programming. Each generation reflects advancements in programming ease and functionality.

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Viral Worldzz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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School of Allied Health Sciences

Program Name : BMRIT


Course Name: Basic Computers and Information Science
Course Code: E1UA104L

Saket Srivastav
Assistant Professor(IT)

Introduction
[Lecture No. 1 ]

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Computer Languages

1.First Generation: Machine Language

Definition: Machine language is the lowest-level programming language, consisting entirely of binary code (0s and
1s).
Characteristics:
Directly Executable: Machine language is executed directly by the computer's CPU.
CPU-Specific: It is specific to a particular computer architecture, meaning that programs written for one type of CPU
won't work on another.
Difficult to Program: Writing in machine language is complex and error-prone, requiring detailed knowledge of the
hardware.
Example: A simple instruction in machine language might look like 10110000 00000001, which could represent a
command to move a value to a register

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Computer Languages

2. Second Generation: Assembly Language

Definition: Assembly language is a low-level language that uses symbolic representations (mnemonics) to represent
machine-level instructions.
Characteristics:
Human-Readable: Assembly language is more understandable than machine language, using mnemonic codes (like
MOV, ADD, SUB) instead of binary.
Specific to Architecture: Each assembly language is designed for a specific CPU architecture.
Requires Assembler: Assembly language needs to be translated into machine language using an assembler before
execution.
Example: An assembly language instruction might look like MOV AX, 01h, which moves the hexadecimal value 01
into the AX register.

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Computer Languages

3. Third Generation: High-Level Languages

High-level languages provide abstraction from the hardware and allow programmers to write code that is more
understandable and portable across different systems.
Characteristics:
Human-Readable: Syntax is closer to natural language, making it easier to learn and use.
Portability: Programs can run on different types of machines with minimal modification.
Rich Libraries and Frameworks: Many high-level languages come with extensive libraries to simplify programming
tasks.
Examples:
FORTRAN (1957): Primarily used for scientific and engineering calculations. It introduced concepts like variables and
control structures.
COBOL (1959): Designed for business applications, emphasizing data processing and file handling.
C (1972): Known for system programming, it offers low-level access to memory while still being easier than assembly
language. It's widely used in developing operating systems and embedded systems.
Pascal (1970): Developed for teaching programming concepts, it emphasizes structured programming and data
types.

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Computer Languages

4. Fourth Generation: Problem-Oriented Languages

These languages are designed to solve specific problems in various domains, focusing on productivity and ease of
use.
Characteristics:
Higher Abstraction Level: They allow users to express what they want to achieve without specifying how to do it.
Domain-Specific: Many fourth-generation languages are tailored for particular tasks or industries.
User-Friendly: They often come with graphical interfaces and visual programming environments.
Examples:
SQL (Structured Query Language): Used for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to write
queries to retrieve data without needing to know the underlying database structure.
MATLAB: Primarily used for mathematical computations, simulations, and data visualization, especially in
engineering and scientific research.
R: A programming language used for statistical computing and graphics, widely used among statisticians and data
analysts.

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Computer Languages

5. Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence and Declarative Languages


These languages focus on AI and allow users to specify what they want to achieve without detailing how to do it.
Characteristics:
• AI-Focused: They often incorporate features for machine learning, natural language processing, and knowledge
representation.
• Declarative Nature: Users describe their requirements or logic without explicitly outlining the control flow.
• High-Level Abstraction: This generation aims to reduce the complexity of coding, allowing for more intuitive
programming.
Examples:
• Prolog: A logic programming language primarily used in AI for tasks like natural language processing and problem-
solving. Programs consist of a set of facts and rules.
• Lisp: One of the oldest programming languages, used in AI research and symbolic computation. It supports
recursive functions and has a unique syntax based on parenthesis.
• Python: Widely used in AI and machine learning, thanks to its simplicity and extensive libraries like TensorFlow
and scikit-learn.

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Computer Languages

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