COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTALS

Dr. Renu
Assistant Professor
JCD (IBM)
MEANING OF COMPUTER
A computer is an
electronic device that
manipulates information,
or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and
process data
TYPES OF
COMPUTER
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
WITH THEIR CATEGORY

There are four types of computer with their category:

 By Size and Capacity

 By Data Handling
 By Based on Number of Microprocessors
 By Based on Number of Users
BASED SIZE AND CAPACITY

 Super Computers
 Mainframe Computers

 Mini Computers

 Micro Computers

 Embedded Computers
 SUPER COMPUTERS

Super computers are need more computing power, so

these types of computers use in the large companies.

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

Main motive of these types of computers for processing

large data with the help of multiple processor.
 Mini Computers
These types of computers are small to super and
mainframe computers, and in which used
transistors and core memory.
 Micro Computers

This computer likes as personal computer, in

which use other technology such as CPU,
input/output devices and storage device etc.
 Embedded Computers

These types of computers are designed for

specific task, in which used the micro controller.
TYPES OF COMPUTER BASED ON DATA
HANDLING

 Analogue Computer
 Digital Computer
 Hybrid Computer
 Analogue Computer
In the Analog computer, for solving problems
use
some physical facts continuously variable such
as mechanical, hydraulic and electrical
quantities.
 Digital Computer

In this computer perform all calculation in the

digital form such as 0 and 1.
 Hybrid Computer

In hybrid computer has been used both

technology of analogue and digital computer.
BASED ON NUMBER OF MICRO
PROCESSORS

Sequential Computers
Parallel Computers
 Sequential Computers
This computers are capable only to execute all
instructions one by one, so its speed worst.
 Parallel Computers

Parallel computer allow to divide all work to

each processor equally, so its speed good compare
to sequential computers.
COMPUTER BASED ON NUMBER OF
USERS

 Single User
 Multi User

 Network Types
 Single User
In which, perform task single user at a time.
 Multi User

In which, Multiple user can perform task at a

time.
 Network Types

This is special functionality, in which all

terminal are connected by network.
WHAT ARE THE
CHARACTERISTIC
S OF COMPUTER
?
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER?

• Speed.
• Accuracy.
• Diligence.
• Versatility.
• Reliability.
• Consistency.
• Memory.
• Storage Capacity
 History of Computers Generation
 The word ‘computer’ has a very interesting

origin. It was first used in the 16th century for a

person who used to compute, i.e. do calculations.
The word was used in the same sense as a noun
until the 20th century.
 By the last part of the 19th century, the word was

also used to describe machines that did

calculations. The modern-day use of the word is
generally to describe programmable digital
devices that run on electricity.
EARLY HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 Since the evolution of humans, devices have been used for
calculations for thousands of years. One of the earliest and most
well-known devices was an abacus. Then in 1822, the father of
computers, Charles Babbage began developing what would be
the first mechanical computer. And then in 1833 he actually
designed an Analytical Engine which was a general-purpose
computer. It contained an ALU, some basic flow chart principles
and the concept of integrated memory.
 Then more than a century later in the history of computers, we got
our first electronic computer for general purpose. It was the
ENIAC, which stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer. The inventors of this computer were John W. Mauchly
and J.Presper Eckert.
 And with times the technology developed and the computers got
smaller and the processing got faster. We got our first laptop in
1981 and it was introduced by Adam Osborne and EPSON.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
 In the history of computers, we often refer to the
advancements of modern computers as the
generation of computers. We are currently on the fifth
generation of computers. So let us look at the important
features of these five generations of computers.
 1st Generation: This was from the period of 1940 to 1955.
This was when machine language was developed for the use
of computers. They used vacuum tubes for the circuitry. For
the purpose of memory, they used magnetic drums. These
machines were complicated, large, and expensive. They were
mostly reliant on batch operating systems and punch cards. As
output and input devices, magnetic tape and paper tape were
implemented. For example, ENIAC, UNIVAC-1, EDVAC, and so
on.
 2nd Generation: The years 1957-1963 were referred to as
the “second generation of computers” at the time. In second-
generation computers, COBOL and FORTRAN are employed as
assembly languages and programming languages. Here they
advanced from vacuum tubes to transistors. This made the
computers smaller, faster and more energy-efficient. And they
 3rd Generation: The hallmark of this period (1964-1971)
was the development of the integrated circuit. A single
integrated circuit (IC) is made up of many transistors, which
increases the power of a computer while simultaneously
lowering its cost. These computers were quicker, smaller,
more reliable, and less expensive than their predecessors.
High-level programming languages such as FORTRON-II to
IV, COBOL, and PASCAL PL/1 were utilized. For example,
the IBM-360 series, the Honeywell-6000 series, and the
IBM-370/168.
 4th Generation: The invention of the microprocessors
brought along the fourth generation of computers. The years
1971-1980 were dominated by fourth generation computers.
C, C++ and Java were the programming languages utilized
in this generation of computers. For instance, the STAR
1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, and Apple II. This
was when we started producing computers for home use.
 5th Generation: These computers have been utilized
since 1980 and continue to be used now. This is the
present and the future of the computer world. The
defining aspect of this generation is artificial
intelligence. The use of parallel processing and
superconductors are making this a reality and provide a
lot of scope for the future. Fifth-generation computers
use ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology.
These are the most recent and sophisticated computers.
C, C++, Java,.Net, and more programming languages are
used. For instance, IBM, Pentium, Desktop, Laptop,
Notebook, Ultrabook, and so on.
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
 A computer is an electronic device that accepts
data, performs operations, displays results, and
stores the data or results as needed. It is a
combination of hardware and
software resources that integrate together and
provides various functionalities to the user.
Hardware is the physical components of a
computer like a processor, memory devices,
monitor, keyboard, etc., while software is a set of
programs or instructions that are required by the
hardware resources to function properly.
 Components of a Computer
There are basically three important components of a
computer:
 Input Unit

 Central Processing Unit(CPU)

 Output Unit

1. Input Unit:
 The input unit consists of input devices that are attached

to the computer. These devices take input and convert it

into binary language that the computer understands.
Some of the common input devices are keyboard, mouse,
joystick, scanner etc.
 The Input Unit is formed by attaching one or more input

devices to a computer.
 A user input data and instructions through input devices

such as a keyboard, mouse, etc.

 The input unit is used to provide data to the processor for

further processing.
 2. Central Processing Unit:
Once the information is entered into the
computer by the input device, the processor
processes it. The CPU is called the brain of the
computer because it is the control centre of the
computer. It first fetches instructions from
memory and then interprets them so as to
know what is to be done. If required, data is
fetched from memory or input device.
Thereafter CPU executes or performs the
required computation, and then either stores
the output or displays it on the output device.
The CPU has three main components, which are
responsible for different functions: Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and Memory
registers
 A. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU,
as its name suggests performs mathematical
calculations and takes logical decisions.
Arithmetic calculations include addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical
decisions involve the comparison of two data
items to see which one is larger or smaller or
equal.
 Arithmetic Logical Unit is the main component of

the CPU
 It is the fundamental building block of the CPU.

 Arithmetic and Logical Unit is a digital circuit

that is used to perform arithmetic and logical

operations.
 Memory Unit: It is attached to the CPU is used for the storage of
data and instructions.
Memory Unit is the primary storage of the computer.
It stores both data and instructions.
Data and instructions are stored permanently in this unit so that they
are available whenever required.
3. Output Unit :
 The output unit consists of output devices that are attached to the

computer. It converts the binary data coming from the CPU to

human understandable form. The common output devices are
monitor, printer, plotter, etc.
 The output unit displays or prints the processed data in a user-

friendly format.
 The output unit is formed by attaching the output devices of a

computer.
 The output unit accepts the information from the CPU and displays

it in a user-readable form.
 RAM & ROM
 RAM, which stands for random access
memory, and ROM, which stands for read-
only memory, are both present in your
computer.
 RAM is volatile memory that temporarily

stores the files you are working on.

 ROM is non-volatile memory that

permanently stores instructions for your

computer.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM &
ROM
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE
 A computer system is divided into two
categories: Hardware and Software.
 Hardware refers to the physical and visible

components of the system such as a monitor,

CPU, keyboard and mouse.
 Software refers to a set of instructions

which enable the hardware to perform a

specific set of tasks. The software must be
installed in the hardware to function properly
and similarly, the hardware must be present
for the tasks to be performed.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPUTER HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE
 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Micro Computer
 Mini Computer

 Mainframe Computer

 Super Computer
 MEANING AND DEFINITION OF
INTERNET
 The Internet is a vast network that connects
computers all over the world.

OR
 Internet is a global communication system that

links together thousands of individual

networks. It allows exchange of information
between two or more computers on a network.
Thus internet helps in transfer of messages
through mail, chat, video & audio conference,
etc.
USES OF INTERNET
 MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION
 A PowerPoint presentation, or PPT, is a
collection of slides that exhibit a graphical
and visual interpretation of data in order to
deliver information in a more creative and
dynamic way.
 USES OF POWER POINT
PRESENTATION
 Create presentations from scratch or a
template.
 Add text, images, art, and videos.

 Select a professional design with PowerPoint

Designer.
 Add transitions, animations, and cinematic

motion.
 Save to OneDrive, to get to your

presentations from your computer, tablet, or

phone.
 Share your work and work with others,

wherever they are.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF USING
POWERPOINT FOR PRESENTATIONS

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WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
 Windows operating system is a computer
program that manages all computer
resources and provides services to
applications that run on top of it. This
operating system was developed by Microsoft
and released in 1985 under the name
Windows 1.0.
FUNCTIONS OF THE WINDOWS OPERATING
SYSTEM

 Managing Computer Resources: The primary function of

the Windows operating system is to manage and organize
computer resources such as CPU, RAM, and hard disk. The
Windows operating system will complete various tasks such as
opening applications, accessing the internet, and printing
documents using these resources.
 Providing an Interface: The Windows operating system
provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows users to
access and use various applications and programs easily. This
interface allows users to select menus, click icons, and
navigate various applications easily.
 Providing Compatibility: The Windows operating system is
designed to support various hardware and software devices,
making it easier for users to install and use different
applications and programs on their computers or laptops.
Windows also provides the ability to run programs and
applications designed for different versions of the Windows
operating system.
 Facilitating Network Setup: Windows operating system
provides various tools to facilitate network setup, such as network
configuration, firewall configuration, and network access
configuration. This allows users to connect to networks and share
data with other devices in the network easily.
 Facilitating Security: The Windows operating system provides
various security features such as anti-virus, anti-malware, and
firewall that help protect computers or laptops from virus and
malware attacks. Windows also provides tools to configure network
security and access control to protect user’s important data.
 Managing File Management: Windows also facilitates file
management such as data storage, access rights configuration,
and file searching. Windows provides various tools to help users
organize and store data and files on their computers or laptops.
 Facilitating System Setup: Windows provides various tools for
system setup such as desktop appearance configuration, sound
and visual effects configuration, and operating system updates.
This makes it easy for users to configure and update the operating
system according to their needs and preferences.
 Providing Technical Support: Windows provides technical
support for users in the form of customer service, tutorials, and
documentation. This helps users solve problems and optimize the
use of Windows operating system on their computers or laptops.
ADVANTAGES:
 Wide Compatibility: Windows has extensive compatibility
with various hardware and software devices, making it
possible for users to use different types of devices with this
operating system.
 Ease of Use: Windows is designed with a user-friendly and
familiar user interface for many people, making it easy to
learn and use even for new users.
 Rich Multimedia Features: Windows provides many
multimedia features, such as Windows Media Player, that
allow users to play various types of audio and video files
easily.
 Large Developer Support: There are many developers
who make applications and games for Windows, so users can
choose from a variety of application and game options
available.
 Long-term Support: Microsoft provides long-term support
for each version of Windows, which means users can receive
updates and security support for several years after its
release.
DISADVANTAGES:

 Security issues: As the most widely used operating

system in the world, Windows is also more
vulnerable to virus and malware attacks, so users
need to be more cautious in using it.
 Hardware Requirements: Windows requires
relatively high hardware requirements, making it
difficult for users with older computers or laptops to
use the latest version of Windows.
 Cost: Windows is not a free operating system, so
users need to purchase a license to use it, which can
be expensive.
 Having too many features: In some cases,
Windows can be too complicated with too many
features, so users have to take the time to learn and
understand these features.