PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
DEFLECTION DUE TO
P R E S T R E S S
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

INTRODUCTION
• The effect of deflection in a structure varies
according to the use of the structure.
• Excessive deflections may lead to sagging
floors, to roof that do not drain properly, to
damage partitions and finishes, to the
creation of pools of water on road surface
of bridges, and to other associated troubles
DEFLECTION:
Total movement induced at a point of a
member from the position before application of
the load to the position after the application of
the load.
DISTINCTION:

•Prestress: Camber – deflection

caused by prestressed

•Reinforced Concrete: Deflection –

caused by external loads
DEFLECTION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
MEMBERS:

•Fully prestressed members

(class 1 and class 2) remain crack
free until service load.
•Assumed linearly elastic.
TWO TYPES OF DEFLECTION:

• Short-term/Instantaneous – deflection
occurs immediately upon the application of
the load.
• Long-term – deflection takes time to occur
due to shrinkage and creep movements.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

DEFLECTION CONTROL
 Can be controlled to a great
extent by properly selecting the
magnitude and trajectory of the
prestressing force.
 IMPORTANCE OF
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

DEFLECTION
CONTROL
 Structural concrete member
should be designed to have
adequate stiffness to limit
deflection, which may adversely
affect the strength or serviceability
of the structure at working loads.
 DEFLECTION
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

CONTROL
ESSENTIALS
1. Excessive, sagging of principal structural members
is not only unsightly; but at times, also renders
the floor unsuitable for the intended use.
2. Large deflection under dynamic effects and under
the influence of variable loads may cause
discomfort to the users.
3. Excessive deflections are likely to cause damage
to finishes, partitions, and associated structures.
 FACTORS
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

INFLUENCING
DEFLECTIONS
The deflections of the prestressed concrete members are influenced by
the ff. salient factors:

1. Imposed load and self-weight

2. Magnitude of the prestressing force
3. Cable profile
4. Second moment of area of cross section
5. Modulus of elasticity of concrete
6. Shrinkage, creep and relaxation of steel stress
7. Span of the member
8. Fixity conditions
 In the pre-cracking stage, the whole cross section is
effective in the deflection in this stage are computed using
the second moment of area of the gross concrete
sections.
In the post-cracking stage, a prestress concrete beam
behaves in a manner similar to that of a reinforced
concrete beam and the computations of deflections in this
stage is made by considering moment-curvature
relationships which involves the sections and properties
of the cracked beam.
 In both cases, the effect of creep and
shrinkage of concrete is to increase the
long term deflection under sustain loads,
which is estimated by using empirical
methods that involve the use of effective
(long term) modulus of elasticity or by
multiplying short term deflections by
suitable factors.
 SHORT-TERM
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

(INSTANTANEOUS)
DEFLECTIONS
LOAD-DEFLECTION RELATIONSHIP
short-term deflections in prestressed
concrete members are calculated on the
assumption that the sections are homogenous,
isotropic, and elastic. Such an assumption is an
approximation of actual behavior, particularly
that the modulus Ec of concrete varies with the
age of the concrete and moment of inertia varies
with the stage of loading, i,e., whether the
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
• where a structural member is crack free.
• the pre-cracking segment of the load-deflection curve
is essentially a straight line defining full elastic
behavior. The maximum tensile stress in the beam in
this region is less than its tensile strength in flexure,
i.e., it is less than the modulus of rupture fr of
concrete.
• the load-deflection behavior depends on the stress-
strain relationship of concrete. A typical stress-strain
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
• The value of can be estimated using the ACI
empirical expression:
= 33 √f’c (7.2a)
= 57,000√f’c; for normal-weight concrete, E
= 4,700√f’c; for normal-weight concrete, SI
• The pre-cracking region stops at the initiation of the
first flexural crack, when the concrete stress reaches
its modulus of rupture strength
= 7.5λ√f’c (7.2b) English
= 0.62λ√f’c (7.2b) Metric, SI
λ = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
λ = 0.75 for all-lightweight
concrete
λ = 0.85 for sand-lightweight
concrete
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
• If one equates the modulus of rupture to the stress produced by the
cracking moment (decompression moment), then
= = - / (1 + e/) + / (7.3a)
where: subscript b stands for the bottom fibers at midspan of a
simply supported beam. If the distance of the extreme tension fibers from
the center of the gravity of concrete section is Yt , then the cracking
moment is given by:
= / (/ (1 + e / ) + 7.5λ√f’c) (7.3b)
= (7.5λ√f’c + / (1 + e / )) (7.3c)
= / (/ (1 + e / ) + 0.62λ√f’c) (7.3b) SI
= (0.62λ√f’c + / (1 + e / )) (7.3c) SI
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
where: = section of modulus at bottom fibers. More conservatively,
from equation 5.12, the cracking moment due to that portion of the
applied live load that causes cracking is:
= (6.0λ√f’c + – ) (7.4a)
where:
• = compressive stress at the center of gravity of concrete section due to
effective prestress only after losses when tensile stress is caused by
applied external load.
• = concrete stress at extreme tensile fibers due to unfactored dead load
when tensile stresses and cracking are caused by the external load.
PRECRACKING STAGE: REGION I
A factor of 7.5 can also be used instead of 6.0 for deflection
purposes for beams. Equation 7.3a can be transformed to the PCI format
(ref 7.7) giving identical results:

/ = 1 – ( ( – )/ ) (7.4b)

where:
= maximum service unfactored live load moment
= final calculated total service load concrete stress in the member
= modulus of rupture
= service live load of concrete stress in the member
CALCULATION OF CRACKING MOMENT
Example:
Compute the cracking moment for a prestressed
rectangular beam section having a width b = 305 mm
and a total depth h = 610mm, given that f’c = 27.6
MPa. The concrete stress due to eccentric
prestressing is 12.8 MPa in compression. Use a
modulus of rupture value of 0.62λ √f’c
 CALCULATION OF CRACKING MOMENT
Given: • Mcr = Sb (0.62λ√f’c + Pe/Ac (1 + ecb/r2))
b = 305mm h = 610mm • fb = Pe/Ac (1 + ecb/r2) = 12.8 Mpa
f’c = 27.6MPa
fb = 12.8MPa • Mcr = 18,915,083.33 mm^3 (3.26 N/mm^2 + 12.8
N/mm ^2) = 303,776,238.3 N.mm
Solution:
• fr = 0.62 √f’c = 0.62 √27.6 = 3.26 MPa
• Ig = bh^3/12 = (305mm)(610mm)^3/12 If the beam were not prestressed,
• Mcr = fr Ig/Yt
= 5,769,100,417 mm^4
• Yt = 610/2 = 305mm = (3.26 N/mm^2 x 5,769,100,417 mm^4 )/305 mm

• Sb = Ig / Yt = 5,769,100,417 mm^4/ 305mm = 29,597,597.9 N.mm or 29.60 kN.m

= 18,915,083.33 mm^3
Post Cracking Service Load Stage. Region II

• most beams lie in this region at service loads.

• beam undergoes varying degrees of cracking along the
span corresponding to the stress deflection levels at
each section.
• cracks are wider and deeper at midspan, whereas only
minor and narrow cracks develop near the supports in
simple beam.
• as the magnitude of cracking increases, stiffness
Post-serviceability Cracking Stage and Limit State of Deflection
Behavior at Failure: Region III

• as the load continues to increase, the strain Es in the steel at the

tension side continues to increase beyond the yield strain Ey with no
additional stress.
• the beam at this stage is considered to have structurally failed by
initial yielding of tension steel.
• it continues to deflect without additional loading, the cracks
continue to open, and the neutral axis continues to rise toward the
outer compression fibers.
• a secondary compression failure develops, leading to total crushing
of the concrete in the maximum moment region followed by rupture.
 SHORT TERM
DEFLECTIONS OF
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

UNCRACKED
MEMBERS
MOHR’S THEOREM
- readily applicable for the
estimation of deflections due to
prestressing force, self-weight and
imposed loads. Consider Fig. 6.1 in
which the beam AB is subjected to a
bending moment distribution due to
prestressing force or self weight or
imposed loads. ACB is the center line of
the deformed structure under the
system of given loads.
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂:
=

𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂:
=
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
TENDON PROFILE ON DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTION DUE TO SELF WEIGHT AND IMPOSED
LOAD
At the time of transfer of prestress, the beam hogs up due to
the effect of prestressing. At this stage, the self weight of the beam
induces downward deflections, which further increase due to the
effect of imposed loads on the beam.
If g = self weight
q = imposed load/m (uniformly distributed),
the downward deflection is computed as,

*Deflections due to concentrated live loads

can be directly computed by using Mohr’s
theorems.
EXAMPLE #1
 EXAMPLE #1
• Self weight of the beam, g = (0.3m x 0.5m x 24 Kn/m^3) = 3.6 kN/m = 0.0036 kN/mm
• Second moment of area (I) = () = 3,125 x
• Prestressing force, P = (2pcs x 600mm^2 x 1600N/mm^2) = 1920 x N = 1,920 kN
• Downward deflection due to self weight =
= = 3.95mm
• Upward deflection due to prestressing force =
= = 20.21mm
 EXAMPLE #1

• Net upward deflection of the beam, when it supports its own weight
= (20.21 mm – 3.95 mm) = 16.26mm
• Downward deflection due to live load = () = 19.75mm

• Upward deflection due to prestress after losses = [(1-20%) x 20.21 mm)] = 16.168mm. Final downward
deflection of the beam due to (self weight + prestress + live load) = (3.95mm – 16.26mm +19.75mm)
= 7.44mm.
 SHORT TERM
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

DEFLECTION AT
SERVICE LOAD
EXAMPLE #1
(SHORT TERM DEFLECTION: NON COMPOSITE UNCRACKED DOUBLE T-BEAM
DEFLECTION)
The beam carries a superimposed service live load of 1,100 plf (16.1

pretensioned, with 𝐴𝑝𝑠= sixteen 1/2-in. diameter 7-wire 270ksi

KN/m) and superimposed dead load of 100 plf (1.5 KN/m). It is bonded

(𝑓𝑝𝑢=270 ksi=1,1862 MPa) stress-relieved strands = 2.448 〖 𝑖 𝑛 〗 ^2.

Disregard the contribution of the non prestressed steel in calculating the

0.70𝑓_𝑝𝑢 resulting in the initial prestressed Pi= 462,672 lb. the effective
moment of inertia in this example. Assumed that strands are jacked to

prestress Pe = 379,391 lb occurs at the first load of application 30 days

after erection and does not include all the time-dependent losses.

34 beam using applicable moment of inertia 𝐼𝑔 or 𝐼𝑒 method.

Evaluate the total short-term (immediate) elastic deflection of 12 DT
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #1
EXAMPLE #2
(SHORT TERM DEFLECTION: NON COMPOSITE CRACKED DOUBLE T-BEAM
DEFLECTION)

Solve example 1 by (a) the bilinear method, (b) the

effective moment if inertia method for condition of
tensile stress at midspan bottom fibers at service load,
i,e., the tensile stress exceeds the modulus of rapture
=7.5 = 7.5 =530 psi for crack formation. Assume that
the net beam camber due to prestress and self weight
is .95 in.
EXAMPLE #2
EXAMPLE #2
EXAMPLE #2
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:
PREDICTION OF LONG
TIME DEFLECTION
 The deformation of prestressed members
change with time as a result of creep and shrinkage
of concrete and relaxation of stress in steel. The
deflection of prestressed members can be computed
relative to a given datum, if the magnitude and
longitudinal distribution of curvatures for the beam
span are known for that instant based on the load
history, which includes the prestressing forces and
live loads.
 The prestressed concrete member develops
deformations under the influence of two usually
opposing effects, which are the prestress and
transverse loads. The net curvature φᵣ at a section at
any given stage is obtained.
= +
where: φmt – change of curvature caused by transverse loads
φpt – change of curvature caused by prestress
 Under the section of sustained transverse loads, the
compressive stress distribution in the concrete change with
time.
However, in practical cases the change of stress being
small, it may be assumed that the concrete creeps under
constant stress. The creep strain due to transverse loads is
directly computed as a function of the creep coefficient so that
the change of curvature can be estimated by the expression,
= (1 + φ) φᵢ
where: φ – creep coefficient
φᵢ - initial curvature immediately after the application of
transverse loads
 The change of curvature due to the
sustained prestress ( ) depends upon the
cumulative effects of creep and shrinkage of
concrete and relaxation of stress in steel.
Several methods have been proposed to
evaluate the curvature under simplified
assumptions. The important ones are
attributed to Busemann McHenry, Douglas and
Corley, Sozen and Siess.
According to Neville and the ACI committee report, the
creep curvature due to prestress is obtained on
simplified assumption that creep in induced by the
average prestress acting over the given time. Using this
approach, if
Pi – initial prestress
Pt – prestress after a time, t
Loss of prestressing force due to relaxation, shrinkage
and creep, Lp = (Pi – Pt)
e = eccentricity of the prestressing force at the section
EI = Flexural rigidity
 The curvature due to prestress after time t is can be
expressed as:

Then, the total long-time deflection after time t is obtained

from expression,
 A much simplified but an approximate procedure is
suggested by Lin for computing long time deflections. In this
method, the initial deflection due to prestress and transverse
loads is modified to account for the loss of prestress which tends
to decrease the deflection, and the creep effect which tends to
increase the deflection. The principle of reduced modulus
involving the creep coefficient is used to amplify the initial
deflections. According to this method, the final long-time
deflection is expressed as,
EXAMPLE 1:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2:
 LONG-TIME
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE:

DEFLECTION
OF CRACKED
MEMBERS
 The prediction of time-dependent
deflections is complicated in the case of cracked
members due to redistribution of flexural
stresses. According to Neville, an exact solution
results in non-linear integral equations, for
which no closed solution is available. The
numerical solutions developed ignore the
influence of the tensile concrete zone on the
strain distribution in the section, which
considerably effects deflection.
 The British Code BS: 8110-1985
recommendations are comprehensive in this regard,
as they incorporate the use of curvature of cracked
sections, including the effect of shrinkage and creep
in computing long-term deflections. In contrast, the
American Concrete Institute code ACI: 318-1989 uses
a simpler approach, whereby the additional long-
term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage
of flexural members is determined by multiplying
the immediate deflection caused by the sustained
load considered by the factor:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: