CELLULAR

REPRODUCTIO
N
SCIENCE 8
 OBJECTIVES
1. Understand cell reproduction at the molecular
level, giving significance to the roles of DNA and
chromosomes;
2. Describe the cell cycle;
3. Explain mitosis and meiosis; and
4. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the
cell division cycle.
Directions: Recall the previous lesson about
digestive system. Rearrange the parts of digestive
system in correct sequence during digestion
process. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
Have you ever
watched a caterpillar
turn into a butterfly?
Have you ever watched
a tadpole turn into an
adult frog?
 What are the
different stages of
the cell cycle that a
cell undertakes?
 Activity 2:Cells Grow and Divide

Objectives:
1. Identify the different stages of the cell cycle and cell
division.
2. Describe each stage of the cell cycle and cell division.
Directions: Study the diagram in A as well as the comic
strips in B and C of the cell cycle. Read and analyze the
descriptions of each stage or phase. Answer the activities or
questions on a separate sheet of paper.
 The Chromosome
Deoxyribonucleic acid
or DNA is the genetic
material located inside a
chromosome in the
nucleus of the cell. The
DNA from the parents is
transmitted to the
offspring to ensure the
continuity of life. The DNA
is a helical structure
consisting of two strands
Parts of the Chromosome
1. Chromatids – two identical
halves of a replicated
chromosome after the Synthesis
phase or the S phase of the cell
cycle.
2. Centromere – the attachment
points of the two chromatids of a
chromosome. It is also described
as the constriction point which
divides the chromosome into two
sections, or “arms.”
3. Short arm – or p arm -
upper arms of the chromosome
which is usually shorter.
4. Q arm - lower arms of the
chromosome which is usually
longer.
Chromosome Number of Selected
Organisms
 The Cell Cycle

The cell cycle

may be divided into two
stages: the interphase
where the chromosomes
are long,
and extended, and the cell
division or mitotic
phase where the
chromosomes become
condensed or thickened.
 Interphase
-is the interval between two cell
divisions. During this stage, the cell is
not dividing; it merely grows. The
chromosome doubles or replicates
itself because the DNA molecule
contained in the chromosome produces
a precise copy of itself.
-it obtains nutrients and metabolizes, grows, replicates its DNA in
preparation for mitosis. The interphase is divided into three sub-
stages, namely:
1. First gap period or G1 where: a. cell grows initially b. synthesis
of protein and ribonucleic acid or RNA occurs c. mitochondria
increase in number
2. Synthesis stage or S phase where a. DNA are synthesized thus
replicating the chromosomes in preparation for the next cell
division.
 Cell Division

• Cell division phase occurs every

after interphase. In eukaryotic
cells, these types of cell division
occur: mitosis and meiosis.
 MITOSIS

• Mitosis is a cellular process wherein two nuclei and two cells

are produced due to the division of the original nucleus, each of
which contains the same chromosome number as the parent
cell. Mitosis is divided into four stages namely: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Figure 5 shows the
different stages of mitosis.
 MITOSIS

• is a type of cell division produces two identical

body or somatic cells with the same number of
chromosomes for growth and development. It
involves one cell division only.
 PROPHASE
The repeated coiling of chromosomes occurs resulted
to its thicker and shorter structure. These are made
up of two sister chromatids that are identical to each
because of the replication of DNA during the S phase.
• The two chromatids are still attached at the
centromere.
• The nuclear membrane breaks down.
Metaphase Stage
 Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane.
 Each spindle fiber from both centrosomes
connects to each chromosome through its
kinetochore.
 Anaphase Stage
 Spindle fibers begin to contract and become shorter.
Continued
contraction causes the separation of the genetically
identical sister
chromatids.
 Centromeres divide.
 The single chromatids move towards the opposite poles.
 Telophase Stage
 The chromosomes are now at the opposing poles of the spindle.
 The microtubules disappear.
 Two sets of chromosomes are surrounded by new nuclear
membranes,
completing the nuclear division process known as karyokinesis.
 Cytoplasmic division called cytokinesis occurs concurrently,
splitting the
cell into two.
What happens after telophase?

Two new nuclear membranes are formed, and

two new nuclei are seen. There are two new
daughter cells that are produced from one
dividing parent cell. Thus, mitosis has come to
an end.
In animal cells, two grooves or
indentations known as cleavage
furrows form at both ends of
the metaphase plate during
telophase. These grooves
deepen and lengthen and meet,
to separate and form the two
new daughter cells. This event
is shown in the illustration
below in Figure 6.

Plant cells do not form cell furrows. Instead, a new cell wall
known as cell plate forms between the two new nuclei.
Figure 7 shows the formation
of a cell plate in plant cells.
During telophase,
membrane-enclosed vesicles
from the Golgi complex of the
cell move towards the center
where the metaphase plate of
the cell is located and
become part of the cell plate.

In telophase, the cell plate continues to grow and gets attached

with the cell membrane. This results to the formation of two
daughter cells. Each cell is bounded with cell membrane. New
cell walls form between the two cell membranes at the area
where the cell plate was formed earlier.
 MEIOSIS
There are two main types of cells possessed by
multicellular eukaryotic organisms:
1. somatic, or body cells and
2. gametes, or sex cells.
 MEIOSIS
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that undergo
sexual reproduction use gametes, or sex cells, to
produce offspring.
Gametes are haploid cells, union of which result to
creation of a new organism with diploid number of
chromosomes in all its somatic or body cells hence, to
create new individuals for the species, two parents are
very necessary to provide the gametes.
 How are sex cells, the
sperms and eggs,
formed?
Another form of cell division known as meiosis
produces sex cells. In meiosis, the nucleus will
undergo two divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
The cell divides twice in these processes.
All human somatic cells have forty-six chromosomes.
Mitosis- each new cell will also have forty-six chromosomes.
Reproductive cells or gametes- each of these cells produced has
only twenty-three chromosomes.
 Why must meiosis take
place to produce sperm
and egg?
When a sperm unites with an egg, each of them contributes
only one half of the total number of chromosomes (twenty-
three chromosomes) to the new zygote which is diploid in
number of chromosomes (forty-six chromosomes).
Meiosis creates cells that are destined to become gametes
(or reproductive cells), this reduction in chromosome
number is critical — without it, the union of two gametes
during fertilization would result in offspring with twice the
normal number of chromosomes.
 MEIOSIS I
The first meiotic division, also known as Meiosis
I, is a reduction division phase (diploid -
haploid). There are two daughter cells produced
after Meiosis 1, each daughter cell is carrying
haploid number of chromosomes. This
consists of four stages, namely, prophase I,
metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
 Prophase I
Stage
Meiosis starts with this
stage and includes the
following substages:
leptotene, zygotene,
pachytene, diplotene,
and diakinesis. Figure 8
shows the different
substages of prophase I.
 Prophase I
Stage
Substage 1: Leptotene
Substage 2: Zygotene
Substage 3: Pachytene
Substage 4: Diplotene
Substage 5: Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
Stage
Spindle fibers from the centrosomes of each pole
connect to bivalents or
tetrads through the kinetochores. Homologous
chromosomes line up at the
equatorial plane. There is double alignment of the
chromosomes.
 Anaphase I
Stage
Spindle fibers begin to contract and separate the
bivalent or tetrads.
Homologous chromosomes separate and migrate to
each pole of the cell.
 Telophase I
Stage
 Chromosomes decondense.
 Nuclear membranes reform.
 Cytokinesis or the cytoplasmic division occurs and two
haploid (N) daughter cells with chromosomes with two
sister chromatids are formed.
 Meiosis II
The second meiotic division forms four
daughter cells, each carrying haploid number
of chromosomes. This consists of the following
stages, namely, prophase II, metaphase II,
Anaphase II, and telophase II.
 Prophase II
Stage
 Chromosomes (chromatids) condense to
form metaphase chromosomes.
 Nuclear membrane dissolves and nucleolus
disappears.
 Centrosomes move towards each pole of the
cell.
 Metaphase II
Stage
 Spindle fibers attach to chromatids at the
kinetochores.
 Chromosomes line up at the equatorial
plane. (Single alignment of chromosomes).
 Anaphase II
Stage
 Spindle fibers shortened and separated the
sister chromatids.
 Chromatids that are now called
chromosomes move towards each pole of the
cell.
 Telophase II
Stage
 Single-stranded chromosomes decondense.
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms.
 Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
 Four haploid (n) daughter cells are formed.
Quiz #2
1. 46
2. 20
3. G1
4. S
5. G2
6. Mitosis
7. Meiosis
8. Mitosis
9. Meiosis
10. 2