Operating System

IT in Business
What is an Operating System?

► An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between

the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all
kinds of programs.
► An operating system is an intermediary between a computer user and
the hardware.
► It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of
its software and hardware.
► It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing
how to speak the computer's language.
► Without an operating system, a computer is useless.
Operating System Functions

► Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

▪ Memory Management
▪ Processor Management
▪ Device Management
▪ File Management
▪ Security
▪ Control over system performance
▪ Job accounting
▪ Error detecting aids
▪ Coordination between other software and users
Operating System Functions
► Memory Management
► Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory.
► Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part are not in use.
► In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and how much.
► Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
► De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been terminated.
► Process Management
► In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the processor when and for
how much time. This function is called process scheduling.
► Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program responsible for this task is known
as traffic controller.
► Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
► De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
Operating System Functions

► Device Management
► An Operating System manages device communication via their respective
drivers.
► Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the I/O
controller.
► Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
► Allocates the device in the efficient way.
► De-allocates devices.
► File Management
► Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are
often known as file system.
► Decides who gets the resources.
► Allocates the resources.
► De-allocates the resources.
Operating System Functions

► Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it

prevents unauthorized access to programs and data.
► Control over system performance − Recording delays between
request for a service and response from the system.
► Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by
various jobs and users.
► Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error
messages, and other debugging and error detecting aids.
► Coordination between other software's and users −
Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers
and other software to the various users of the computer systems.
Operating System Functions
Vendors of Operating System

► Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI.

► A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus,
and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination
of graphics and text.
► The three most common operating systems Vendors for computers
are.
► Microsoft Windows
► macOS
► Linux
Microsoft Windows

► Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating

system families.
► All of which are developed, marketed and sold by Microsoft.
► Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on
November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system.
► Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal
computer (PC) market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS,
which had been introduced in 1984.
► Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks,
each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems.
► As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively
developed:
► Windows NT
► Windows IoT
Windows NT (New Technology)

► Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an

operating system for server computers and workstations.
► It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released
almost at the same time and share the same kernel.
► Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal
computers, tablets and smartphones. The latest version is Windows 10. The
main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple.
► Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest
version is Windows Server 2019. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong
naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is Linux.
► Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as
a live operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers
(especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes.
The latest version is Windows PE 10.
Windows IOT (Windows Embedded)

► Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for

every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer.
► Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and
was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows
Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded
Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.
► The following Windows families are no longer being developed:
► Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted consumers market. Discontinued
because of suboptimal performance.
► Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone
operating system. The first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third
version, Windows Mobile 2003 is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile
trademark. The last version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
► Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones.
The first version was Windows Phone 7, followed by Windows Phone 8, and the last
version Windows Phone 8.1. It was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile.
Microsoft Windows
macOS

► macOS is a series of graphical operating systems developed and

marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001.
► It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac family of computers.
► Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web
usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft
Windows.
► macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems. The
first is colloquially called the "classic" Mac OS, which was introduced in
1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999.
► The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released in March 2001,
with its first update, 10.1, arriving later that year.
MAC OS
Linux

► Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on

the Linux kernel.
► An operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus
Torvalds.
► Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution.
► Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system
software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project.
► Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel
x86 architecture.
► Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big
iron systems such as mainframe computers.
► The only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers (since November 2017,
having gradually eliminated all competitors)
Linux OS
What is Kernal

► The kernel is the central component of a computer operating

systems.
► The only job performed by the kernel is to the manage the
communication between the software and the hardware.
► A Kernel is at the nucleus of a computer.
► It makes the communication between the hardware and software
possible.
► While the Kernel is the innermost part of an operating system, a shell
is the outermost one.
Features of Kernal
► Low-level scheduling of processes
► Inter-process communication
► Process synchronization
► Context switching

Types of Kernal
► There are many types of kernels that exists, but among them, the two most
popular kernels are:
► Monolithic
► A monolithic kernel is a single code or block of the program. It provides all the
required services offered by the operating system. It is a simplistic design which
creates a distinct communication layer between the hardware and software.
► Microkernels
► Microkernel manages all system resources. In this type of kernel, services are
implemented in different address space. The user services are stored in user
address space, and kernel services are stored under kernel address space. So, it
helps to reduce the size of both the kernel and operating system.
Types of operating systems

► Some important types of operating systems are

► Single-tasking and multi-tasking
► Single- and multi-user
► Distributed
► Templated
► Embedded
► Real-time
► Library
Single-tasking and multi-
tasking
► A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time.
► While a multi-tasking operating system allows more than one
program to be running in concurrency.
► This is achieved by time-sharing, where the available processor time
is divided between multiple processes.
► Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative
types.
► Preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and
dedicates a slot to each of the programs.
► Unix-like operating systems, such as Solaris and Linux—as well as non-
Unix-like, such as AmigaOS—support preemptive multitasking.
► Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide
time to the other processes in a defined manner.
► 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking.
► 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-
tasking.
Single- and multi-user

► Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users,

but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem.
► A multi-user operating system extends the basic concept of multi-
tasking with facilities that identify processes and resources, such as
disk space, belonging to multiple users.
► The system permits multiple users to interact with the system at the
same time.
► Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the
system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation
of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources to
multiple users.
Distributed

► Distributed systems use many processors located in different

machines to provide very fast computation to its users.
► A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct
computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.
► The development of networked computers that could be linked and
communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing.
► Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine.
When computers in a group work in cooperation, they form a
distributed system.
Templated
► In an OS, distributed and cloud computing context, templating refers to
creating a single virtual machine image as a guest operating system,
then saving it as a tool for multiple running virtual machines.
► The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing
management, and is common in large server warehouses.

Embedded
► Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded
computer systems.
► They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less
autonomy.
► They are able to operate with a limited number of resources.
► They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows
CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.
Real-time
► A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees
to process events or data by a specific moment in time.
► A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but
when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a
deterministic nature of behavior is achieved.
► An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their
priorities or external events while time-sharing operating systems
switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
Library
► A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical
operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the
form of libraries and composed with the application and configuration
code to construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address space,
machine image that can be deployed to cloud or embedded
environments.