GROUP

PE04
SPORTS
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL DUAL
SPORTS TO TEAM SPORTS?
INTRODUCTION
A team sport includes any sports where
individuals are organized into opposing teams
which compete to win. Team members act
together towards a shared objective. This can
be done in a number of ways such as
outscoring the opposing team. Team members
set goals, make decisions, communicate,
manage confl ict, and solve problems in a
supportive, trusting atmosphere in order to
accomplish their objectives.
Teams: Each team consists of a set number of players, depending on the specific
sport. Players have designated roles and responsibilities within the team.

Objectives: The objective of a team sport varies depending on the sport, but
generally involves scoring points, moving an object (like a ball) into a specific area,
or crossing a finish line before the opposing team.

Rules: Each sport has its own set of rules that govern gameplay, including equipment
use, movement restrictions, scoring methods, and penalties for infractions.

Playing field: Games are played on designated fields or courts, which may vary in
size and layout depending on the sport.

BASIC MECHANICS
ESSENTIAL SKILLS
Physical skills: Players need to develop various physical skills such as running,
jumping, throwing, catching, and striking, depending on the sport.

Strategic thinking: Teams need to develop strategies to outmaneuver their

opponents and achieve their objective. This involves understanding the rules,
anticipating the opponent's moves, and making quick decisions.

Communication: Clear and effective communication between teammates is

crucial for coordinating movements, executing plays, and adapting to changing
situations.

Teamwork: Success in team sports hinges on collaboration and cooperation.

Players need to trust each other, support each other, and work together
towards a common goal.
Physical fitness: Team sports provide a fun and engaging way to improve
cardiovascular health, build muscle strength, and enhance overall
fitness.

Social interaction: Participating in team sports allows individuals to

connect with others, build friendships, and develop a sense of belonging.

Life skills: Team sports teach valuable life skills such as teamwork,
communication, problem-solving, leadership, and sportsmanship.

Mental well-being: Physical activity and social interaction associated with

team sports can contribute to improved mental health and reduced
stress.
BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATING IN TEAM SPORTS
EXAMPLE OF TEAM SPORTS
American Football is one of the biggest North American
sports. Whilst the game is played worldwide, the professional
leagues in North America (such as the NFL) easily attract the
best players in the world making its leagues the most
competitive. The pinnacle of the sport comes in the form of
the Super Bowl played out every year to millions of people
around the world.

AMERICAN FOOTBALL
 OBJECT OF THE GAME
The object of American football is to score more points than your
opponents in the allotted time. To do this they must move the ball down
the pitch in phases of play before eventually getting the ball into the ‘end
zone’ for a touchdown. This can be achieved by either throwing the ball to
a teammate or running with the ball.

Each team gets 4 chances (downs) to move the ball 10 yards forward.
Once they pass the 10 yards their downs reset and they start again for
another 10 yards. After 4 downs have passed and they have failed to
make it over the 10 yards required the ball will be turned over to the
defensive team.
 PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT

There are only 11 players from each team on the field at any team, an
American football team is actually made up of 45 players.

The teams are generally split into three groups of attacking (generally smaller,
stronger, faster type of players, including a quarterback who is said to run the
attacking plays and throw the ball to their teammates), defence (larger, more
powerful players designed to stop players from running) and special team
players (responsible for the kicking and punting side of the game with a
mixture of larger and faster players).
Aussie Rules has been around since 1841 in some form or
another. Its game that is pretty much exclusively played in
Australia and the only professional league of its kind, the
Australian Football League (AFL) is also situated there. Many
players affectionate with the sport may call it a mix of footy,
football, Aussie rules and Australian rules.

AUSSIE RULES FOOTBALL

OBJECT OF THE GAME
The object of the game is to kick the football between a
series of 4 goal posts. Depending on which posts the ball
goes between will depend on how many points you score.
The ball can be passed around between team mates in a
series of fashions and the winning team will be the team
with the highest number of points at the end of the game.
PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT
Each team will consist of 18 players of which are all assigned to different positions.
These players are allowed to move freely on the pitch. Each team may also have up to
three substitutes which are ‘rolling’ meaning they can come on and off as many times
as they want. Once a starting player gets substituted these players then become
rolling. The positions are broken down into Full Forward, Half Forward, Centre Line, Half
Back and Full Back.

There are 7 umpires for Aussie Rules in total. The three main umpires are known as
filed umpires and they basically oversee all the decisions on filed such as time
keeping, infringements and enforcing the rules. The two line judges are there to see if
the ball goes out of play or not – these judges can also intervene where on filed
umpires have missed a decision. The last two umpires are goal umpires and its their
job to signal if a goal has been scored successfully or not.
Baseball is a sport that dates back as far as 1744 and formats
of the game have been in place until the modern era today. The
game is predominantly big in North America, Canada and Japan.
The game is played worldwide with the pinnacle of sport coming
from the World Series of Baseball. Ironically, this event is only
competed by North American teams.

BASEBALL
 OBJECT OF THE GAME

The object of baseball is to score more runs than

your opponent. The idea is to hit the ball thrown at
you as far as you can before running around 4
bases to complete a run. Once a player manages
to get around the four bases before being tagged
out, then another batter steps in.
 PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT

A game is played out between two teams, each made up of 9 players. The
game lasts for 9 innings with each team alternating between batting and
fielding in each inning. The scores at the end of the innings are added to a
cumulative score and the team with most points wins. Each team has three
outs per inning before they then swap roles. Each inning can be broken down
into the top (where the away team bats), and the bottom (where the home
team bats).
Beach Volleyball is an outdoor sand-based court sport played
between two teams of two. The aim of the game is to hit an inflated
ball over a net that hangs high at the center of the court and make it
land in the opposition's half.

Beach Volleyball originated in Hawaii around 1915, and began to

surface in Europe in the 1930s. Competitions became commonplace
over the subsequent decades, and the sport increased in popularity
considerably during the eighties.

BEACH VOLLEY
 OBJECT OF THE GAME
In Beach Volleyball, the main objective is to hit the ball in a tactical way so
that the opposing team cannot return it in a “legal” fashion.

One team will begin the game by striking the ball over the net, which is
known as a “serve”. Both teams will then compete in what is known as a
“rally”, where the ball exchanges hands and flies above the net between
both sides of the court. A rally finishes when one team cannot return the
ball, and a point is marked for the team that forced the error.

The team that reaches 21 points (by two clear points) first is declared the
winner of a set, and two set wins are required to emerge victorious in the
overall match.
PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT
Court

Each Beach Volleyball team consists of two players, and the sport
is performed on a sand-based court measuring 26.2 ft square. A
net measuring 7 ft 11 inches high is placed at the centre of the
court during male matches. In female matches, the net is set at a
slightly lower height of 7 ft 4 inches. The posts used on either side
of the net are placed an equal distance from each side-line to the
post padding.
Bossaball is a relatively new sport and was derived from
Spain in 2004. Since then the sport has gone on to have
international acclaim with countries such as Brazil,
Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Singapore,
Kuwait, Ecuador and Saudi Arabia all have very successful
Bossaball teams. Whilst international competitions are
limited, teams from respected countries travel the world to
try and raise awareness of the sport.

BOSSABALL
 OBJECT OF THE GAME
The game is a slight variation of volleyball and requires you
to hit a ball over a net in order to win points. You can use
any part of your body (head, feet, hands) to get the ball
over the net and into your opponents section. The games
take place on a massive inflatable with a trampoline found
on each side for added bounce. The team with the most
points at the end of the game is deemed the winner.
PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT
The number of players in a team often ranges from 3 to 5. The teams can
be mixed of males and females with no restriction on gender per team.
One player will be designated on the trampoline section of the arena at
all times with players rotating after every point. All that is needed is a
Bossaball court and of course, a Bossaball (very similar to a volleyball, in
fact a volleyball will be suffice).

The court can be of any size but are usually around 50 yards in length
and 30 yards in width. In the middle of each court must run a net around
3 metres high. On either side of the court must be a trampoline section,
an inflatable scoring section and an inflatable out of bounds section.
The origins of dodgeball are fairly sketchy but it has been
a popular game for a considerable period of time. The
game is a regular part of physical education classes in
schools and the popularity of the sport reached new levels
thanks to the motion picture ‘Dodgeball: A True Underdog
Story’ featuring Vince Vaughn, Ben Stiller and Christine
Taylor.

DODGEBALL
 OBJECT OF THE GAME
The main objective in dodgeball is to eliminate all
members of the opposing team by throwing the ball at
them. Plays must dodge the ball to remain in the game
and the team who manages to eliminate all of their
opponent’s first are deemed the winners.
PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT
There is no fixed amount of players that are needed to have a dodgeball game, with
games varying between small numbers to large players. A lot will depend on the space
available to play the game and the overall pool of player available. School leagues or
regulated games will have a set number of players, which again will differ from each
league.

There is no fixed dimension and area for a dodgeball game with the game going ahead
on the most appropriate surface and venue. Similarly, there is no universal agreement
on the balls that are used in a dodgeball game. Players operating in a league format
would be expected to all play with the same ball size or type but this can be agreed by
each individual league.
Hockey is a game that is played around the world by
many countries. Some of the top hockey playing nations
includes India, Pakistan, New Zealand, Netherlands and
Great Britain. The pinnacle of the sport comes in the
form of the Olympics where it has been one of the top
attended sports since its reinstating in 1928.

FIELD HOCKEY
 OBJECT OF THE GAME
The object of hockey is to hit a ball with a stick into a
goal. Every time the ball goes into the goal then a point
is awarded to that team. The team with the most goals
at the end of the game is awarded the winner. In the
event of both teams scoring the same amount of goals
then a draw is called.
PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT
Each team consist of 11 players. It’s split up into 1 goalkeeper and 10 outfield players.
The outfield players will consist of defenders, midfielders and attackers. The amount of
each position will vary deepening on the formation that the team adopts. It’s not
massively uncommon for a team to have no goalkeeper at the end of game if they are
trying to push for a win or a losing the match.

The pitch is 100 yards long and 60 yards wide. It has three lines running across the width
of the pitch which are two 25 yard lines and a half way line to signify to players the
certain sections of the pitch. At each end the pitch will include a goal which is 4 yards
wide. Around the goal is a 16 yard line which is the only sections on the pitch that
players are permitted to shoot from. A goal scored outside the 16 yard line will not be
awarded and the ball turned over.
 PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT

A hard ball is used in hockey along with each player having a

wooden stick. Only the flat side of the stick can be sued and a
foul will be called for any player using the back. The stick can be
turned around in the players to hit the ball both ways. For
protection players wear shin pads and gum shields. Goal keepers
wear a lot more padding due to ball flying in their direction more
often. A face mask, helmet, padded gloves, chest pad and leg
guards are all part of the attire for a goalkeeper. Some players do
wear eye and face masks as well.
 FOOTBALL (SOCCER)
Football (Soccer) is one of the oldest sports in the world and
with that; it’s also one of the most recognised. The pinnacle of
the international game comes in the form the Football World
Cup. There are also tournament such as the Euro
Championships, Copa America and the African Cup of Nations.
Domestically the strongest leagues come from England (English
Premier League), Spain (La Liga), Italy (Serie A) and Germany
(Bundesliga). In parts of the world the sport is also known as
Soccer.
 The aim of football is to score more goals then your
opponent in a 90 minute playing time frame. The match is
split up into two halves of 45 minutes. After the first 45
minutes players will take a 15 minute rest period called
half time. The second 45 minutes will resume and any time
deemed fit to be added on by the referee (injury time) will
be accordingly.

OBJECT OF THE GAME

PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT

Each team consists of 11 players. These are made up of one

goalkeeper and ten outfield players. The pitch dimensions vary
from each ground but are roughly 120 yards long and 75 yards
wide. On each pitch you will have a 6 yard box next to the goal
mouth, an 18 yard box surrounding the 6 yard box and a centre
circle. Each half of the pitch must be a mirror image of the other
in terms of dimensions.
PLAYERS AND EQUIPMENT

Essentially the equipment that is needed for a soccer match is pitch

and a football. Additionally players can be found wearing studded
football boots, shin pads and matching strips. The goalkeepers will
additionally wear padd\ed gloves as they are the only players allowed
to handle the ball. Each team will have a designated captain.
THANK YOU!