Unit-1

Introduction to IoT

Annapurna Gummadi
Assts Professor
[email protected]
Outline

• IoT definition
• Characteristics of IoT
• Physical Design of IoT
• Logical Design of IoT
• IoT Enabling Technologies
• IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
Unit I: Introduction to Internet of Things

• Introduction - Definition and Characteristics of IoT.

• Physical Design of IoT – IoT Protocols.
• Logical Design of IoT -IoT Communication Models,
• IoT Communication APIs.
• IoT Enabling Technologies –
• Wireless Sensor Networks,
• Cloud Computing,
• Big data analytics,
• Communication protocols,
• Embedded Systems.
• IoT Levels and Deployment Templates.
Starting from the Internet

• Internet appears everywhere in the world

• but it is still a connection between people and people

 What is IoT?
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—
devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity—that enables
these objects to collect and exchange data.
Internet of Things

IOT

Internet Things
 Definition of IoT
•A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities
based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes, and virtual
personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated
into the information network, often communicate data associated with
users and their environments.

•The goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from standard devices

like computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.
Characteristics of IoT

• Dynamic & Self-Adapting

• Self-Configuring
• Interoperable Communication Protocols
• Unique Identity
• Integrated into Information Network
Characteristics of IoT

•Dynamic Global network & Self-Adapting : Adapt the changes w.r.t

changing contexts
•Self Configuring : Eg. Fetching latest s/w updates without manual
intervention.
•Interoperable Communication Protocols : Communicate through
various protocols
•Unique Identity : Such as Unique IP Address or a URI
•Integrated into Information Network : This allows to communicate
and exchange data with other devices to perform certain analysis.

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History of IoT

1970- The actual idea of connected devices was proposed

1990- John Romkey created a toaster which could be turned on/off over the Internet
1995- Siemens introduced the first cellular module built for M2M
1999- The term "Internet of Things" was used by Kevin Ashton during his work at
P&G which became widely accepted
2004 - The term was mentioned in famous publications like the Guardian, Boston
Globe, and Scientific American
2005-UN's International Telecommunications Union (ITU) published its first report
on this topic.
2008- The Internet of Things was born
2011- Gartner, the market research company, include "The Internet of Things"
technology in their research
Physical Design of IoT

The physical design of an IoT system is referred to

the Things/Devices and protocols that used to build an IoT system.

•Things in IoT

•IoT Protocols

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Physical Design of IoT:Things in IoT

• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or
indirectly), or
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for
processing the data, or
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure,
based on temporal and space constraints
 Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

• Things/Devices are used to build a

connection, process data, provide
interfaces, provide storage, and
provide graphics interfaces in an IoT
system.
• all these generate data in a form
that can be analyzed by an analytical
system and program to perform
operations and used to improve the
system.
Continue…..
Connectivity
Devices like USB host and ETHERNET are used for connectivity between the devices and
server.
Processor
A processor like a CPU and other units are used to process the data. these data are further
used to improve the decision quality of an IoT system.
Audio/Video Interfaces
An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to record audio and videos in a system.
Input/Output interface
To giving input and output signals to sensors, and actuators we use things like UART, SPI,
CAN, etc.
Storage Interfaces
Things like SD, MMC, SDIO are used to store the data generated from an IoT device.
IoT Protocols

• These protocols are used to establish communication between a

node device and server over the internet.
• it helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive data from
an IoT device over the internet.
• we use different types of protocols that present on both the server
and client-side and these protocols are managed by network layers
like
• Application, Transport, Network, and Link layer.

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Application Layer protocol
In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the network with the lower layer
protocols using the application interface. these protocols including HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP, MQTT,
DDS, and AMQP protocols.

Transport Layer
This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and handle the error control. also, these
layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying
network.

Network Layer
This layer is used to send datagrams from the source network to the destination network. we use
IPv4 and IPv6 protocols as a host identification that transfers data in packets.

Link Layer
Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the network's physical layer. it also determines how
the packets are coded and signaled by the devices.
 IoT Protocols
• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN low-power devices that have limited processing
capabilities.
• Transport Layer
• TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
• UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
• Application Layer
• HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol)
• CoAP(Constrained Application Protocol)
• WebSocket
• MQTT(Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)
• DDS (Data Distribution Service)
• AMQP(Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)
• XMPP(Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol )
Link Layer Protocols

In this protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the
networks physical layer or medium.
Ex: Copper Wire, Coaxial Cable, radio wire
Scope of link layer is the local n/w connection to which host is attached.
Hosts on the same link can exchange data packets over the link layer
using link layer protocols
Link layer determines how the packets are coded and signalled by the
H/w device over the medium to which host is attached.

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Link Layer Protocols

802.3 – Ethernet
802.11 – WiFi
802.16 – WiMax
802.15.4 - LR WPAN
2G/3G/4G – Mobile Communication

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IoT Protocols…Link Layer…Ethernet
This is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link
layer.
Sr.No Standard Shared medium(copper 0r fiber)
1 802.3 Shared
Coaxial Cable…10BASE5 & shared medium
Medium
2 802.3.i Copper Twisted pair …..10BASE-T
carries
3 802.3.j Fiber Optic……10BASE-F communicat
ion for all
4 802.3.ae Fiber…..10Gbits/s
the devices
on the n/w.
Data Rates are provided from 10Gbit/s to 40Gb/s and higher

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IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiFi
Sr.No Standard Operates in
1 802.11a 5 GHz band

2 802.11b 2.4GHz band

and 802.11g
3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands

4 802.11.ac 5GHz band

5 802.11.ad 60Hz band

• Collection of Wireless LAN

• Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s
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IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiMax
Sr.No Standard Data Rate
1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations
1Gb/s for fixed stations

• Collection of Wireless Broadband standards

• Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1 Gb/s
• Recent update(802.16m) provide date rates of 100
Mbits/sec for mobile stations and 1 Gbits/sec for fixed
stations.

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IoT Protocols…Link Layer…LR-WPAN

• Collection of standards for low-rate wireless personal area

networks
• Basis for high level communication protocols such as Zigbee
• Data Rates from 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s
• Provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power
constrained devices

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IoT Protocols…Link Layer…2G/3G/4G –Mobile
Communication
Sr.No Standard Operates in
1 2G GSM-CDMA

2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000

3 4G LTE

• These are different generations of mobile communication

standards
• Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for 4G)
• IoT devices based on these stds. Communicate over cellular n/ws.
• Are available on 3GPP website
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 IoT Protocols…Network/Internet Layer

• Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source to destination

network
• Performs the host addressing and packet routing
• Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such
as IPV4 or IPV6

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6LoWPAN
• (IPV6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)
• Used for devices with limited processing capacity
• Operates in 2.4 Ghz
• Data Rates of 250Kb/s
• Works with 802.15.4 Link layer protocol

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 IoT Protocols…Transport Layer

• Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of

the underlying network
• Message transfer capability can be set up on connections
• Connection may be either using handshakes(as in TCP) or without
handshakes/acknowledgements(As in UDP)
• It provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow-
control and congestion control 26
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…Hyper Transfer
Protocol

• Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)

• Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE..etc
• Follows a request-response model
• Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTP resources

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 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…CoAP

• Constrained Application Protocol

• Used for Machine to machine (M2M) applications meant for constrained
devices and n/w’s
• Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response model
• Uses client –server architecture
• Supports methods such as GET,POST, PUT and DELETE

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 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…WebSocket

• Allows full-duplex communication over single socket

• Based on TCP
• Client can be a browser, IoT device or mobile application

IoT Protocols…Application Layer…MQTT

• Message Queue Telemetry Transport , light-weight messaging protocol
• Based on publish-subscribe model
• Well suited for constrained environments where devices have limited processing, low
memory and n/w bandwitDh requirement 29
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…XMPP

• Extensible messaging and presence protocol

• For Real time communication and streaming XML data between n/w
entities
• Used for Applications such as Multi-party chat and voice/video calls.
• Decentralized protocol and uses client server architecture
• It is described in RFC 6120

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 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…DDS

• Data Distribution service is a data-centric middleware standard for

device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication.
• Publish subscribe model where publishers create topics to which
subscribers can use.
• Provides Quality-of-service control and configurable reliability.
• Described in Object Managable Group

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 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…AMQP

• Advanced Messaging Queuing Protocol used for business messaging.

• Supports both point-to-point and publisher/subscriber models, routing
and queuing
• Broker here receives messages from publishers and route them over
connections to consumers through messaging queues.
• Specified in AMQP Working Group

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Logical Design of IoT

Logical design of IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the

entities & processes without going into the low-level specifies of the
implementation.
it uses
•IoT Functional Blocks
•IoT Communication Models
•IoT Communication APIs
 IoT Functional Blocks
•An IoT system consist number
of functional blocks that provide
the system the capabilities for
identification, sensing, actuation,
communication and
management.
•Functional blocks are Devices,
services, communication,
security,application and
management.
 IoT Functional Blocks

Functional blocks are:

•Device: These devices are used to provide sensing and monitoring control functions that
collect the data from the outer environment.
•Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
•Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data publishing services and
services for device discovery.
•Management: This block provides various functions that are used to manage an IoT system.
•Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as authentication ,
authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
Application
It is an interface that provides a control system that use by users to view the status and analyze
of system.
 IoT Communication Models

•There are several different types of models available in IoT

system that used to communicate between the system and
server.
•There are four types of communication models in IoT:
1. Request-Response
2. Publish-Subscribe
3. Push-Pull
4. Exclusive Pair
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 Request-Response communication model
• Request-Response is a communication
model in which the client sends requests
to the server and the server responds to
the requests.

• When the server receives a request, it

decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource
representations, prepares the
response, and then sends the
response to the client.

Example
When we search a query on a browser
then the browser submits an HTTP
request to the server and then the server
returns a response to the browser(client).
 Publish-Subscribe communication model

• Publish-Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data.
Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware
of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the
topics which are managed by the
broker.
• When the broker receives data for Example
a topic from the publisher, it On the website many times we subscribed to their newsletters
sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers. using our email address. these email addresses managed by
some third-party services and when a new article published on
the website it directly sends to the broker and then the broker
send these new data or post to all the subscribers.
Push-Pull communication model

• Push-Pull is a communication
model in which the data
producers push the data to
queues and the consumers
pull the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the producers
and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which
helps in situations when there is
a mismatch between the rate at
which the producers push data
and the rate rate at which the
consumers pull data. Example
When we visit a website we saw a number of posts that
published in a queue and according to our requirements, we
click on a post and start reading it.
Exclusive Pair communication model

• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that
uses a persistent connection
between the client and
server.
• Once the connection is
setup it remains open until
the client sends a request
to close the connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.
 IoT Communication APIs

The application program (or programming) interface, or API, is arguably

what really ties together the connected “things” of the “internet of things.”
IoT APIs are the points of interaction between an IoT device and the
internet and/or other elements within the network.

There are two APIs:

1. REST-Based Communication API

2. WebSocket-Based Communication API

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REST-based Communication APIs

• REpresentational State Transfer

(REST)
• Representational State Transfer
(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can design
web services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources and
how resource states are
addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request-
response communication model.
• The REST architectural constraints
apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements,
within a distributed hypermedia
system.
WebSocket-based Communication APIs

• WebSocket APIs allow bi-

directional, full duplex
communication between
clients and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair
communication model
IoT Enabling Technologies(give (someone) the authority)
Wireless Sensor Network

Cloud Computing

Big Data Analytics

Embedded Systems
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WSN(Wireless Sensor Network)
WSN consist of following:
•Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental and
physical conditions
•Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinators
•Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts as gateway that connects
WSN to internet
•Routers route the data packets from end nodes to coordinators.
Example of WSNs in IoT & Protocols used
Example
•Weather monitoring system
•Indoor air quality monitoring system
•Soil moisture monitoring system
•Surveillance system
•Health monitoring system

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Cloud Computing

•Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.

•With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere
like databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over
the internet.
•Provides different services, such as –
IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.
PaaS (Platform as a service)
Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine
SaaS (Software as a service)
Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.
Big Data Analytics
•It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
•Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too
massive and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using
traditional databases.
•Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network
videos, digital images, sensors and sales transaction records.
Big Data Analytics

Examples –
•Bank transactions
•Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
•E-commerce and in Big-Basket
•Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands
Communications Protocols

•They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network

connectivity and linking to applications.
•Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the
network.
•Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single
communication.
Embedded Systems

•It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special

tasks.
•It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking
units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword
etc. ) and storage devices (flash memory).
•It collects the data and sends it to the internet.

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Embedded Systems

Examples –
•Digital camera
•DVD player, music player
•Industrial robots
•Wireless Routers etc.
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
An IoT system comprises of the following components:
•Device
•Resource
•Controller Service
•Database
•Web Service
•Analysis Component
•Application
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and

remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about various examples of
IoT devices in section

• Resource:Resources are software components on the IoT device for

accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the
software components that enable network access for the device.
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
• Controller Service:Controller service is a native service that runs on the
device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data
from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the
data generated by the IoT device.

• Web Service:Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,

application, database and analysis components. Web service can be
either implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for

analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form which are easy
for the user to understand.

• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can

use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Applications also allow users to view the system status and view the
processed data.
IoT Level-1

• A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs

sensing and/or actuation, stores data, performs analysis and
hosts the application

• Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low- cost and low-
complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.
IoT Level-1
IoT Level-1

•Example: Home automation

•Controlling the lights and home appliances by single node
•Device used is electronic relay switches
•Local database maintains the status information of each light or
appliance
•Controller service continuously monitors the state of each light or
appliance and triggers the relay switches accordingly
•Device is connected to internet
•Remote accessing is possible

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IoT – Level 1 Example …Home Automation System

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IoT Level-2

• A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or
actuation and local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud- based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved
is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can be done locally itself.
IoT Level-2
IoT – Level 2 Example …Smart Irrigation

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IoT Level-3

• A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored

and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud- based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the
data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
IoT Level-3
IoT – Level 3 Example …Tracking Package
Handling
Sensors used accelerometer and gyroscope

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IoT Level-4

• A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local

analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-
based.

• Level-4 contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which

can subscribe to and receive information collected in the
cloud from IoT devices.

• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple

nodes are required, the data involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally intensive.
IoT Level-4
 IoT – Level 4 Example …Noise Monitoring
Sound Sensors are used

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IoT Level-5

• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node.
• The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in
which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive.
IoT Level-5
IoT Level-6

• A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform
sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the cloud
database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and
sends control commands to the nodes.
IoT Level-6