APPLICATION OF INFORMATION &

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES.

Computer system Hardware Architecture :

( Input and Output Devices )
Lecture # 02
By:
Dr. Ifra Afzal
Department of CS & IT.

1
COMPUTER HARDWARE PARTS:
Computer System can be divided into main
Three Parts/types:
1- Input Devices
2- System Unit
3- Output Devices.

2
 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
What is an input device?
 Any hardware component that allows a user

to enter data and instructions into a

computer
microphone PC camera
keyboard

mouse
scanner

3
digital
camera
 THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
What is an output device?
 Any hardware component that can convey
information to a user

monitor speakers

printer

Click to view Web Link

then click Output Devices 4
p. 1.6 Fig. 1-3
 Keyboard
A keyboard is a set of typewriter like keys that
enables you to enter data into a computer
The keys on a computer keyboard are
classified as follow:
1. Alphanumeric keys (letters & numbers)
2. Punctuation keys (comma, semi colon
etc…)
3. Special keys (function keys, control keys,
arrow keys etc..)
4. Toggle keys (keys that switches b/w two
different states like Num Lock, Caps Lock)
 Keyboard

 The standard layout of letters, numbers &

punctuations is known as QWERTY keyboard
because the first six keys on the top row of letters
is spelled as QWERTY.

 Another type is Dvorak Keyboard. It is designed

so that the middle row of the keys include the
most common letters. It was designed for speed
typing.

6
 Keyboard

QWERT vs Dvorak

 A desktop computer typically have 101 to 105

keys containing alphanumeric, function &
punctuation keys.
 Wireless keyboards battery powered device use
radio waves or infrared technology to transmit
data.
7
 Pointing Devices
A pointing device is an input device which is used
to control a pointer on a screen. Pointer is a small
symbol on a screen.
 Mouse

 Trackball

 Joy Stick

 Touchpad

 And many more

8
 mousepad
mouse pad
MOUSE
How does a mechanical mouse work?
 A rubber or metal
ball is on its mouse
mouse wheel
wheel
buttons
buttons button
button
underside
 When the ball rolls in
a certain direction,
electronic circuits in
the mouse translate
the movement of the
mouse into signals
the compute
 understands
A mouse pad
provides better
traction and protects 9
p. 5.7 Fig. 5-9
the ball from a build ball
up of dust and dirt ball
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES?
What is a trackball?
 A stationary
pointing
device with
a ball on its
top

Click to view
Web Link then click
Trackballs 10
p. 5.10 Fig. 5-13

trackball
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is a touchpad?
 Also called a track pad
 A small flat,
rectangular
pointing device
that is sensitive
to pressure and
motion
 Typically built
onto keyboards
Click to of laptop or
view Web
Link then notebook
click
touchpad 11
Touchpads computers
p. 5.10 Fig. 5-14
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is a pointing stick?
 A pressure-
sensitive
pointing
device
shaped like
a pencil
eraser that
is positioned
between
keys on the
keyboard
Click to view
Web Link then click
Pointing Sticks pointing stick
p. 5.11 Fig. 5-15
12
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES joystick

What are a joystick and a wheel?

 Help the user control the actions of
players and vehicles in game and
simulation software
 A joystick is a vertical lever mounted on

a base
• You move the lever in
wheel
different directions to control
the actions of a vehicle or
player
 A wheel is a steering-wheel type
of input device pedal
• You turn the wheel to drive a
13
car, truck, or other vehicle
p. 5.11
Fig. 5-16 • Most include foot pedals
 OTHER POINTING DEVICES
What is a light pen?
 A handheld input device that contains a light source
or can detect light
 Some require a
specially
designed monitor
 To select objects
on the screen,
you press the
light pen against
the surface of the
screen and then
press a button on 14

the pen
 VOICE INPUT
What is voice input?
 The process of entering data by speaking into a microphone
that is attached to the sound card on the computer
 Voice recognition, also called speech recognition, is the
computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words

speaker-dependent speaker-independent
software software
The computer makes a Has a built-in set of
profile
You have
of yourspeech
discrete
Youtohave
voice
train to
the vs. word patterns
continuous
You do not speech
have to
computer toslowly
speak recognizeand train a computer to
Allows you to
your voiceeach
separate recognize your voice
speak in a flowing 15
p. 5.14
word with a short conversational
pause tone
 VOICE INPUT
How does voice recognition work?

You’re
right!

Step 3:
1:
2: The
4: User
An narrow
To analog-to-digital
software
dictates text
a list into
down, converter
the
Natural Language microphone.
compares
(ADC) translates
software the spoken
presents sound waves
the user withinto
a list of
Engine measurements
digital measurements
choices or usestoa those theinlanguage
natural computer
its
database
can understand.
component to to
find aMeasurements
match
predict theormost likely
…Your write list
include
of possible
match. pitch,
The volume,
usermatches. silences,
may correct anyand
wrong
…You’re right phenomes.
selection Phenomes
made are sound units
by the software.
…Your right such as aw and guh.
16

p. 5.15 Fig. 5-22 Matches

your, you’re
right, write
 VIDEO INPUT
What is video input?
 The process of entering a full-motion recoding into a computer
and storing it on a storage medium
digitalvideo
digital video
video-in
video-in camera
camera
plug
plug

analogvideo
video 17
analog
p. 5.21 Fig. 5-29 camera
camera
 VIDEO INPUT
What are some factors related to video input?
 Video files can require huge amounts of storage space
 Video compression is used to decrease the size of the files
 Files can be compressed using software or hardware

video digitizer
video decoder Used to capture
A card that an individual
decompresses frame from an
video data analog video and
then save the 18
p. 5.21 picture in a file
 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
What is a scanner?
 A device that captures data directly from source
documents
 A source document is the original form of the data

19
p. 5.24
 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
What are various types of scanners?
Pen or
handheld

Flatbed

Click to view Web Link

Drum
then click Scanners 20
p. 5.26 Fig. 5-34

Sheet-fed
 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

What is an optical reader?

 A device that uses a light source to read characters,
marks and codes and then converts them into digital
data that a computer can process

Optical mark
recognition
Optical character Bar code
recognition (OCR) scanner
21
p. 5.27
OUTPUT DEVICES
2. OUTPUT DEVICES
• Any hardware component used to show
results after processing to any user. Output can
be text, Audio, Video & graphics.
• Examples
 Display device
• Monitor
• Printer
• Plotter
• Projectors
• Speakers
• Headphone etc

23
Display Devices
A display device is simply an output
device that visually conveys text,
graphics & video information.

Information on a display device,

sometimes
called soft copy exists for a temporary
period only.

Display devices include:

 CRT Monitors
Monitors
 LCD Monitors
 Gas Plasma Monitors
 Televisions
24
CRT Monitors

 Similar to standard Television because it contains the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

 CRT is a large, sealed, glass tube

 The front of the tube is screen
 Tiny dots of phosphorus material coat the screen
 Each dot consists of red, green & blue phosphorus.

Inside CRT, an electronic beam moves back & forth
across the back site of the screen which causes the
dots on the front of the screen to glow Three dots
combine to make up one pixel
 The size of CRT monitors can be 14, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 22

plus more inches which is measured diagonally .

 The actual viewable area is however, less than the diagonal size. For example,
a 21 inches monitor will have 19.8 inches viewable area
25
 LCD Monitors
 LCD Monitors use Liquid Crystal
 LCD contains liquid crystals between two sheets
of material
 When an electric current passes through the
crystals, they twist which causes the image to be
displayed on the screen
 LCD Monitors are the type of the flat-panel displays

 Flat Panel displays have less weight, compact screen & consume less than one third
the power consumed by CRT monitors
 The size ranges from 15, 17, 18, 20 and 21 plus more inches
 LCD Monitors typically are more expensive than CRT Monitors
 Desktop, Notebook & Handheld computers often use LCD displays

LCD or TFT:
Active Matrix or Thin Film Transistor
(TFT) Display: Higher refresh rate &
contrast 26
Gas Plasma Monitors

 Gas Plasma Monitors are Flat-Panel screens instead only

they use gas plasma technology, which substitutes a
layer
of gas for the liquid crystal material in an LCD monitor
 When voltage is applied, the gas released UV light.
 The UV light causes the pixels on the screen to glow
 The Gas Plasma Monitors can be more than 42” wide .

 Refresh Rate: Phosphorus on the CRT Monitors must be refreshed 50 to 100

times after every second (Hz).
 Faster refresh rate causes fewer flickers on screen
 Monitor Resolution: Depends upon the number of bits to be used to display each
pixel:
 28 bits = 256 colors

 216 bits = 65536 colors

 224 to 232 bits = 16 million to 4 billion colors 27
Printers
A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a
physical medium such as paper or transparency film.

Printed information is called hard copy. And is more permanent

than a soft copy.
There are two types of printers:

1. Impact Printers
2. Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printers
An impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a
mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper.
 Impact printers are noisy because of this striking activity.
 Impact printers normally do not provide Letter Quality (LQ) printing. They are ideal to

print multipart forms because they easily can print through many layers of papers.
28
 Printers
Two commonly used types of impact printers
are:
a. Dot Matrix Printers
b. Line Printers
Dot Matrix Printers
Dot Matrix Printer produces the printed images when tiny wire pins on a print
Head mechanism strike an inked ribbon.
When ribbon passes against the paper, it creates dots that form characters and graphics.

The print head can contain 9 to 24 pins. A high number of pins means the printer prints
more dots per character, which results in higher print quality.

29
 Printers (a-Dot Matrix Printers )
Most dot matrix printers use continuous-form paper, in which each sheet of paper is
connected together. The pages have holes along the sides to help feed the paper.

The speed is measured by number of characters per second (CPS). It ranges from 300 to
1100 CPS

Factories & retail counters use impact printers because these printers can withstand
dusty environment, vibrations & extreme temperatures.

9-pin dot matrix printer in action

30
Printers
B-Line Printers
• A line printer is a high speed impact printer that prints an entire line a time.

• The speed is measured by number of lines it can print. (LPM). These printers are
capable to print 3000 LPM.
•A line printer is often connected with a midrange mainframe, server or network.

•Lineprinters are bigger in size & are more

expensive than dot matrix printers.

31
2-Non-impact Printer
•A non-impact printer forms characters & graphics on a piece of paper
without actually striking the paper.
• Some spray ink, while others use heat & pressure to create images. Because,
these printers do not strike the paper, they are much quieter than impact
printers.
The commonly used types of the non-impact printers are:

 Ink-jet printers
 Laser Printers

32
 Ink-Jet Printers
Ink Jet Printers create characters & graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece
of paper.

•Ink Jet Printers usually use individual sheets of paper

stored in removable or stationary tray.
• These printers can print both black & white & color prints
on a variety of paper types. e.g., plain papers, photo paper,
glossy paper and banner paper.
• Most Ink Jet Printers have the resolution ranges from 300

to 2400 dpi & speed 3 to 20 p p m.

Higher the dpi, better the quality of the image

Ink Jet Printers have become most popular type of the color printers especially in
homes because of their lower cost & better quality printing

33
 Laser Printers
Laser Printers use a laser to mark the parts of the page where the text & image is to
formed. The paper is passed through a toner solution where the mark areas pick up the
toner & the text becomes visible.

Laser Printers usually use individual sheets of paper

stored in removable or stationary tray. Some laser printers
have trays that can accommodate different sizes of papers.

These Printers can print both black, white & gray and color
prints. However, color laser printers are expensive. HP Laser Jet 2100

Most Laser Printers have the resolution ranges from 600 to

2400 dpi & speed 6 to 40 ppm.

34
HP Color Laser Jet 4550
 DISPLAY DEVICES
What is an electronic book (e-book)?
 A small, book-sized computer that uses an LCD screen
 Allows users to read, save, highlight, bookmark, and add notes
to online text
 Download new book content from the Web

Clear Type, a new technology

developed
by Microsoft,
used to
improve the
quality of
reading
material on
LCD screens

Next
35
p. 6.7 Fig. 6-7
 DISPLAY DEVICES
What is display resolution?
 Describes the sharpness and clearness of an image
 Resolution of a display device stated as dots, or

pixels
800 x 600
typically the 800
standard horizontal
pixels
1280 x 1024
maximum resolution 600 vertical
of most monitors pixels
Total of 480,000
2048 x 1536 pixels on screen 36
Next maximum for
p. 6.8 high-end monitors
 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES
What is a data projector?
 A device that takes the image from a computer
screen and projects it onto a larger screen so an
audience of people can see the image clearly

Next
37
p. 6.25 Fig. 6-32
 TERMINALS
What is a terminal?
 A device that performs both input and output
because it consists of a monitor (output), a keyboard
(input), and a video card
 Three basic categories

intelligent special-
dumb
terminals purpose
terminals
terminals
Next
38
p. 6.27
 TERMINALS
What is a dumb terminal?
 Has no processing power so it cannot function as an
independent device
 Can enter and transmit data
to, or receive and display
information from, a computer
to which it is connected
 Connect to a host computer
that performs the processing
and then sends the output
back to the dumb terminal

Next
39
p. 6.27 Fig. 6-36
 TERMINALS
What is an intelligent terminal?
 Has memory and
a processor that
has the capability
of performing
some functions
independent of
the host
computer
 Sometimes called
programmable
terminals
because they can
be programmed
by the software
developer to
perform basic
tasks
Next
40
p. 6.28
 TERMINALS
What is a point-of-sale (POS) terminal? POS
terminal
 Records purchases at the
point where the consumer
purchases a product or a
service
 Output from POS terminals
serve as input to other
computers to maintain
sales records, update
inventory, verify credit,
and perform other
activities associated with
Click to view the sales transactions that
Web Link are critical to running the
then click
POS Terminals business
Next
41
p. 6.28 Fig. 6-37
 TERMINALS
What is an automated teller machine (ATM)?

 A self-service banking
machine that connects
to a host computer
through a telephone
network
 Insert a plastic bankcard
with a magnetic strip
Click to
view video
into the ATM
 Enter your password,
called a personal
Click to view
Web Link
identification number
then click (PIN), to access your
Automated
Teller Machines
bank account
Next
42
p. 6.29 Fig. 6-37