APPLICATION OF INFORMATION &

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES.

(Computer Basic Definitions & types)

Lecture # 01
By:
Dr. Ifra Afzal
Department of CS & IT.

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THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
WHERE CAN YOU FIND
COMPUTERS?
 THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION

What is computer literacy?

Computer literacy is the knowledge about
computer, If you are computer literate, you have
knowledge and understanding of computers and
their uses.
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Definition 1:
 Computer is an electronic device which takes
some input, process it, and produces
output.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Definition 2:
 Electronic machine operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own
memory.
 Accepts data
 Manipulates data
 Produces results
 Stores results

These instructions tell the machine what to do.

 Generally, the term is used to describe a
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collection of devices that function together as
a system.
What Is a Computer?
An electronic
machine,
operating under the
control of instructions
stored in its own
memory
accepts data
manipulates the data
according to
specified rules
produces results
stores the results for
future use.
 What are data and information?

Data
Collection of raw
unprocessed facts,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

figures, and
symbols.

Information
Data that is
organized,
meaningful, and
useful
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 DEVICES THAT COMPRISE A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Monitor
(output) Speaker
(output)
System unit
(processor, memory…)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices
(CD-RW,
Floppy, Hard
Mouse disk, zip,…)
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input) (input) 7
WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?

Computers can perform four

general operations, which
comprise the information
process cycle.

1) Input
2) Process
3) Output
4) Storage
 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE.
Computer process data (input) into
information (output).
A Computer often holds data,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

information, and instruction in
storage for future use.
“The series of input, process,
output and storage activities is the
information process cycle”.

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
 The sequence of events in
processing information, which
includes:

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

1.Input—entering data into the
computer.
2.Processing—performing operations
on the data.
3.Output—presenting the results.

4.Storage—saving data, programs, or

output for future 10
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
1. isINPUT
 Input any data or instructions entered to
the computer.
 Input can be in the form of audio, video

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

and graphics instructions.
 Instructions can be

 Programs

 Commands

 User response

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
What are two
1. INPUT
types of inputs: WITH INSTRUCTION
DATA
Bradley Kinkade 42 hours $12.50 per hour
CYCLE.
 Data
A collection of
raw unprocessed
facts, figures, E S ct t
and symbols. N S orre rrec
P O are c ot co
 Instructions R ESntries are n
ER ard e ntries
a) Programs USe timeccard e S
b) Commands s,
th
time D
N ard
Ye , the M A ec
c) User N o M e ti m A MS
O
C t th R
responses n R OG ard
pri P ec
tim
13
hard
INSTRUCTIONS disk
 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION
CYCLE.(CONT.)

a) Programs

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Program tells a computer what to do and
how to do? These are written instructions in
some specific language. (languages will be
describe future) for example time card
program installed in hard disk for student
attendance / presence as shown in previous
slide.

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1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.
(CONT.)
b) Commands
 Command causes a program to perform a

specific action.
 Like Ctrl+P for taking Print of Time card

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

entries in previous slide example or Ctrl+ S
for saving a Ms.Word Document in computer.
c) User Response
 A user response is an action which is or can

be done by answering any question from

computer.
 like You want to save the entries in time

card program? User have two options Yes or

No, that is depend on the user what to
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response.
 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
2. PROCESS
Computer data processing is any process
that uses a computer program to enter

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

data and summarize it analyze it or
otherwise convert data into usable
information.
 The process may be automated and run on

a computer.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
2. PROCESS
 It involves recording, analyzing,
summarizing, calculating,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

disseminating and storing data.
 Data is most useful when well-

presented and actually informative,

 Data-processing systems are often

referred to as information systems.

 In computer processing is done by

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
3. OUTPUT
 Output is the data that has been

processed in to useful form.

 The computer takes the input from

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

user process it and produced output.
 Output also can be text, Audio,

Video or graphics .
 Output can be in two forms

a) Soft Copy

b) Hard Copy

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
3. OUTPUT
a) Soft Copy.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 When you are writing a document,
playing a game, watching a video clip,
or reading the latest news.
 Soft copy is what you see on the
monitor (Screen).
 Soft copy is temporary; after you have
finished with it, there is nothing solid to
hold.
 However you can transfer soft copy to
a disk, to transport it 19
 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT

b) Hard Copy:

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 Hard copy can be touched and carried.
 Hard copy is usually some form of paper

output.
 It is especially helpful if you need to have a

colleague look at your work or

 you need to give your work to a supervisor

or teacher.
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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
4. STORAGE
 Storage refers to various techniques and

devices for storing large amounts of data.

 Examples

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 Hard disks
 Floppy Disks

 Optical storage (CD, CD-R, CD-RW,

DVD or DVD-R )
 Flash Memory/USB

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WHAT IS DATA?

Definition:
 “Raw facts, figures, events and
transactions are called data”

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Examples:
1. Researchers who conduct market
research survey might ask
member of the public to complete
questionnaires about a product or
a service. These completed
questionnaires are data.
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 WHAT IS DATA?
(CONT.)
2. NADRA prepared CNIC of Pakistanis by
collecting data of people who belongs to
Pakistan.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

3. Some candidates want to take admission
in university they will fill admission forms.
Above all are unprocessed and
unprepared which is needed to
process and work more.

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WHY WE NEED DATA?

 Facts, statistics used for reference or

analysis.

Numbers, characters, symbols, images

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

etc., which can be processed by a

computer.
 Data must be interpreted, by a human or
machine, to derive meaning

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WHAT IS INFORMATION?

Definition:
 “Meaning full data is called information”

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 “Processed data is called information”.

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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
 Knowledge derived from study, experience
(by the senses), or instruction.
 "Information is any kind of knowledge that

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

is exchangeable amongst people, about
things, facts, concepts, etc.,
 In some context, "Information is interpreted

data"

Data Process Information

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 WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(CONTI.)
Detail Example:
 Some candidates want to take
admission

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 So they will fill an admission form
containing data about their selves.
 When this data is organized and
arranged by eligibility criteria and
admission rules.
 A merit list will be formulated.
 This merit list is in the form of
information of certain students
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which are eligible for admission.
 Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.
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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(CONTI.)
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
(ON THE BASIS OF
FUNCTIONALITY)

According to functionality computer can be

divided in to three types:

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

1) Analog

2) Digital

3) Hybrid

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 1-ANALOG COMPUTER

 An analog computer is a form of computer that

uses the continuously-changeable aspects of
physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

hydraulic(moved or operated or effected by liquid)
quantities to model the problem being solved.”
 Analog means continuity of associated quantity

just like an analog clock measures time by means

of the distance traveled by the hand of the clock
around a dial.

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1-ANALOG COMPUTER
(CONTI.)
 Analog computer measures and answer the
questions by the method of “HOW MUCH”. The
input data is not a number infact a physical

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

quantity like temperature, pressure, speed, velocity
 Used in World War II and the Korean War.

 They were commonly used in science and industry

before the Digital Computer

 EXAMPLES:
 Thermometer
 Analog clock
 Speedometer
 Tire pressure gauge
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 2-DIGITAL COMPUTERS.

 “A computer that performs calculations and

logical operations with quantities represented as
digits, usually in the binary number system of
“0” and “1”.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

 “Computer capable of solving problems by

processing information expressed in discrete

form.
 Digital computer counts and answer the
questions by the method of “HOW Many”. The
input data is represented by a number. These
are used for the logical and arithmetic
operations.
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2-DIGITAL COMPUTERS
(CONTI.)

 By manipulating combinations of binary

digits (“0”, “1”)

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

o Mathematical calculations

o Organize and analyze data

o Control industrial and other processes.

 EXAMPLES:
 IBM PC
 Apple Macintosh
 Calculators
 Digital watches etc
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3-HYBRID COMPUTERS:
o “A computer that processes both analog and
digital data”.
o “Hybrid computer is a digital computer that

accepts analog signals, converts them to digital

and processes them in digital form”
o Hybrid Machines are generally used in scientific

applications or in controlling industrial processes.

 Examples:

 Hybrid computer is the computer used in

hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient.

 Radar is also an example of hybrid computer

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