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Lecture#13 Data and Signal

The document discusses the concepts of analog and digital data, highlighting their continuous and discrete nature, respectively. It explains the properties of signals, including amplitude, frequency, and phase, and differentiates between periodic and aperiodic signals. Additionally, it introduces Fourier analysis, stating that composite signals can be decomposed into simpler sine waves with varying frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

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3 views24 pages

Lecture#13 Data and Signal

The document discusses the concepts of analog and digital data, highlighting their continuous and discrete nature, respectively. It explains the properties of signals, including amplitude, frequency, and phase, and differentiates between periodic and aperiodic signals. Additionally, it introduces Fourier analysis, stating that composite signals can be decomposed into simpler sine waves with varying frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

Uploaded by

areebahfiaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA AND SIGNAL

Course Code: CSC-217


Title: Computer Networks
Analog and Digital Data
• Data can be analog or digital
• The term analog data refers to information that is
continuous and Analog data take on continuous values
• The term digital data refers to information that is discrete
states and Digital data take on discrete values
Digital and Analog Signals
• Signals can be digital and analog
• Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a
range
• Digital signals can have only a limited number of values
Note

In Data Communications, we commonly used Periodic


Analog signals and Non-Periodic Digital Signals
• Periodic signal
• Pattern repeated over time
• Aperiodic (non-periodic) signal
• Pattern not repeated over time

5
Periodic Signal
• Periodic analog signals can be classified as
simple or composite.
• A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave,
cannot be decomposed into simpler signals.
• A composite periodic analog signal is composed
of multiple sine waves.

6
A sine wave
Signal Properties
• All signals are composed of three properties:
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Phase
Two signals with the same phase and frequency,

but different amplitudes


Note

Frequency and period are the inverse of


each other.
Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,

but different frequencies


Units of period and frequency
Example

The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz. The period of this sine wave
can be determined as follows:
Example
The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in kilohertz?

Solution
First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we calculate the frequency from the
period (1 Hz = 10−3 kHz).
Note

Frequency is the rate of change with


respect to time.

Change in a short span of time


means high frequency.

Change over a long span of


time means low frequency.
Note

If a signal does not change at all, its


frequency is zero.
If a signal changes instantaneously, its
frequency is infinite.
Note

Phase describes the position of the


waveform relative to time 0.
Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,

but different phases


The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave
Note

A complete sine wave in the time domain


can be represented by one single spike in
the frequency domain.
Example
The frequency domain is more compact and useful
when we are dealing with more than one sine wave.
For example, Next diagram shows three sine waves,
each with different amplitude and frequency. All can
be represented by three spikes in the frequency
domain.
The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves
Note

A single-frequency sine wave is not useful


in data communications.
We need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine waves.
Note

According to Fourier analysis, any


composite signal is a combination of simple
sine waves with different frequencies,
amplitudes, and phases.

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