Electrical Machine Drives

Dr. Arsalan Arif

Electrical machinery Fundamentals

Stephen J. Chapman

DC machinery Fundamentals

Lecture #9
Simple DC motor
Commutation
In DC machines it is used to change the direction
of current.
In DC generator it is used to convert the AC to DC

Voltage induced on rotating loop

𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑 =2 𝑣𝐵𝑙

Every time the current or voltage of the loop

switch direction, the commutators also switch
connections, and output of the contacts is
always build up in same way
Machine is 2 pole machine.
If current at brush is , Coils
We have 2 parallel paths, so each path has
current

c b a
Commutators Brush

𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎

Stage 1 :
c b a

2 𝐼𝑎
Stage 2 : 𝐼𝑎 /2 𝐼𝑎
b a
1 3
∗2𝐼 ∗2𝐼𝑎
4 𝑎 4

c b a
1/4 3/4
2 𝐼𝑎

𝐼𝑎 0 0 𝐼𝑎
Stage 3 : b a
Half of brush area is at segment a 1 1
Half of brush area is at segment b ∗ 2 𝐼 𝑎=𝐼 𝑎 ∗ 2 𝐼 𝑎=𝐼 𝑎
2 2

c b a
1/2 1/2
2 𝐼𝑎
 𝐼𝑎 1
Stage 4 : − 𝐼 𝑎𝐼 𝑎
2
b a
1 1
= ∗ 2 𝐼 𝑎= 𝐼 𝑎
4 2

c b a
3/4 1/4

2 𝐼𝑎

𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑎
Stage 5 :
Brush is completely in contact with segment b b a

c b a

2 𝐼𝑎
 𝐼𝑎
1
𝐼
2 𝑎

0
1
− 𝐼
2 𝑎
−𝐼 𝑎

It shows how current changes from positive to negative in the coil ( Alternatively), but direction of current in the brushes remains the same
Loop 1 stretches between commutator segments a and b.
Loop 2 stretches between segments b and c.
Loop 3 stretches between segments c and d.
Loop 4 stretches between segments d and a.

Under North Pole.

in loop + 𝑂𝑢𝑡
Under South Pole.

in loop + 𝐼𝑛
 The voltages on loops 1 and 3
have reversed between the
two pictures. but since their
connections have also
reversed, the total voltage is
still being built up in the
same direction as before

Under North Pole.

in loop + 𝑂𝑢𝑡
Under South Pole.

in loop + 𝐼𝑛
 Induced Voltage induced
Depends on
• The flux
• Speed
• A constant depending on machine construction

Voltage on single conductor

𝑧𝑣 𝑙𝐵
𝐸 𝐴=
𝑎
Where Z is total no of conductors a is the number of current path 𝑣 =𝑟 ω
𝑧𝑟 ω 𝑙𝐵
𝐸 𝐴= 𝛷= 𝐵 𝐴 𝑝 𝐴=2 π 𝑟𝑙
𝑎
𝐴 2 π 𝑟𝑙
For P poles, the area is given as 𝐴 𝑝 = =
𝑃 𝑃 2 π 𝑟𝑙𝐵 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝛷
Flux per pole is given as 𝛷= 𝐵 𝐴 𝑝 𝛷= 𝑃 2 π 𝑟𝑙
𝑧𝑟 ω 𝑙 𝑃 𝛷 𝑧𝑃
The internal generated voltage is given as𝐸 𝐴= ∗ = ∗𝛷ω
𝑎 2 π 𝑟𝑙 2 π 𝑎
 Torque induced
Depends on
• The flux
• Rotor current IA
• A constant depending on machine construction

Torque on single conductor

𝐼𝐴
𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = Where, is total rotor current, split in “a” number of current paths
𝑎
𝐼𝐴
𝑜𝑛𝑑 =𝑟 𝑙𝐵
If there are Z no of total conductors
𝑎
𝑍𝑟𝐼 𝐴 𝑙𝐵 Flux per pole is given as
τ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =
𝑎
𝐵(2 π 𝑟𝑙) 𝑃𝛷
𝛷=𝐵 𝐴¿𝑝 𝐵=
𝑃 2 π 𝑟𝑙
𝑍𝑟𝐼 𝐴 𝑙𝐵 𝑍𝑃
τ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = ¿ 𝛷𝐼𝐴
𝑎 2 π 𝑎