RF Notes-2

Waveguiding Structures
Part 3: Parallel Plates
y

d  , ,
x
z w
1
 Field Equations (from Notes 6)
Summary
j  E H z  This table of fields will be useful
H x  2   c z  k z  to us in the present discussion.
kc  y x 

Assumption:
 j Ez H z  
H y  2   c  kz  e  jk z z  c   j
kc  x y  

   j   j
k   c
2 2

 j E H z   c  j c
Ex  2  k z z    (k can be complex)
kc  x y    
 c  1  j c 
  c 
kc  k 2  k z2
 c (1  j tan  d )
j  Ez H z 
Ey  2   kz    (kc is always real)  0 r (1  j tan  )
kc  y x 

2
 Parallel-Plate Waveguiding Structure

 Both plates assumed PEC y

 w >> d
PEC

 0
x  , ,
d
(neglect edge effects) x
z w

The parallel-plate structure is a good approximate model for a wide microstrip line.

w

 c   j  ,, ,  h


3
 TEM Solution Process

A) Solve Laplace’s equation subject to appropriate B.C.s.:

2   x, y  0

B) Find the transverse electric field: et  x, y     x, y 

C) Find the total electric field: E  x, y , z   et  x, y  e jk z z , k z k

1
D) Find the magnetic field: H zˆ E ; z propagation


Note: The only frequency dependence is in the wavenumber kz = k.

4
 TEM Mode
y
2 conductors  1 TEM mode
PEC
To solve for TEM mode:
d  , ,
2  x, y  0 x
z w

2  2 2  0  x w
   2  2   0
 x y  0  y d
k z   j k   c k   jk 

 k 
Boundary conditions:
 k 
 ( x,0) 0 ;  ( x, d ) V0

5
 TEM Mode (cont.)
2
2
0 where   x, 0  0 &   x, d  V0
y

V
 ( x, y )  A  By A 0 B 0
d

V
Hence  ( x, y )  0 y
d

We then have
 V0
et  x, y     yˆ ˆ
  y
y d

 jkz V0 jkz
E ( x, y , z )  et ( x, y )e  yˆ e
d
6
 TEM Mode (cont.)
y
V0  jkz
ˆ
E ( x, y, z )  y e
d PEC

Recall d  , ,
1 x
H  ( zˆ E )
 z w
V0 jkz
 H  x, y , z  xˆ e
d 

c
y
V0 
 c   j


Fields for +z mode:  , , E

H
x

7
 TEM Mode (cont.)
We can view the TEM mode in a parallel-plate waveguiding structure
as a rectangular “slice” of a plane wave.
y E

H
PEC

PMC  ,  , PMC

x
PEC

The PEC and PMC walls do not disturb the fields of the plane wave.

PEC : nˆ E 0 PMC : nˆ H 0
PEC: Perfect Electric Conductor PMC: Perfect Magnetic Conductor
8
 TEM Mode (cont.)
y
Assume a wave propagating the
in + z direction henceforth. PEC

d  , ,
Time-ave power flow in + z direction:
x
1  
w
P   Re  ( E H * ) zˆ dS  z
2 s 
1   V0  
wd 2

 Re   * 2 zˆ  zˆ e  2 k z

dydx  V0  jkz
2  0 0   d  E ( x, y, z )  yˆ e
   d
1 2 1   1  V0  jkz
 V0  2  wd  Re  *  e  2 k z H  x, y, z  xˆ e
2 d    d

1 2 w  1 
P   V0   Re  *  e  2 k z
2  d   
9
 TEM Mode (cont.)
Transmission line voltage y
0 I
V ( z ) E  yˆ dy  PEC
d
V
 V ( z ) V0 e  jkz d  , , 
I
x
z w
Transmission line current
w w
I ( z ) J sztop dx H x  x, d , z dx Characteristic Impedance
0 0

 I0 V0 e  jkz
Z0 
V I 0 e  jkz
 I ( z )  0 w e  jkz
d
d 
Z 0  
w c


Note : On PEC J s nˆ H  J top
H x (on top plate)  c   j
sz 
10
 TEM Mode (cont.)

1
Time-ave power flow in +z direction: P   Re VI * 
2
(calculated using the voltage and current)
1 
  V0   2 k z 
*

 Re V0  w e 
2  
  d  

1 2 w  1 
P   V0   Re  *  e  2 k z
2  d   

Recall that we found from

the fields that: Same

1 2 w  1  This is expected, since a TEM mode is a

P  V0   Re  *  e  2 k z

transmission-line type of mode, which is
2  d    described by voltage and current.

11
 TMz Modes (Hz = 0)
Recall:
y
 jk z z
E z ( x, y , z ) ez ( x, y ) e
PEC

where  , ,
d
t2 ez  x, y   kc2 ez  x, y  x
z w
eigenvalue problem

2 2 Note:
kc  k  k z Solving the eigenvalue problem
(using appropriate boundary conditions)
will tell us what the eigenvalue kc is.

 2 2 
 2  2  ez  x, y   kc ez  x, y 
2
(Assume no x variation)
 x y 

d2
so 2
ez  y   k 2
c ez  y 
dy
12
 TMz Modes (cont.)
y
d2
e
2 z  y   k c ez  y 
2

dy PEC

subject to B.C.’s Ez = 0 @ y = 0, d
d  , ,
x
Solving the above equation: z w
ez  y   A sin(kc y )  B cos( k c y )

Apply B.C.'s :
@ y 0  B 0
n
@ y d  kc d n n 1, 2,...  kc 
d

13
 TMz Modes (cont.)
 n 
ez  y   A sin  y n 1, 2,...
 d 

1/2
 n   jk z z  2  n  2 
 Ez  y, z   An sin  ye k z k 2  k 
2 1/2
 k    
 d  c   d  


For a wave propagating in the +z direction: k 2  2  c

j c E z j c  n   n 
Hx   An  cos  y  e  jk z z
kc2 y kc2  d   d 
jk z E z jk z  n   n 
E y  2  2 An   cos  y  e  jk z z
kc y kc  d   d 

E x 0 H y 0 H z 0

No x variation TMz mode

14
 TMz Modes (cont.)
Summary y

 n   jk z z PEC
E z  An sin  ye
 d 
d  , ,
jk  n   jk z z
E y  z An cos  ye x
kc  d 
z w
j c  n   jk z z
Hx  An cos  ye
kc  d  Each value of n corresponds to a unique TMz
E x H y  H z 0 field solution or “mode” in the waveguide.
n
kc  ; n 1, 2,...  TMn mode
d
1/2
 2  n  2 
k z  k     n 0  k z k
  d   Note:
  TM 0 TEM
k 2  2  c The TEM mode can be thought of as a TM0 mode.
15
 TMz Modes (cont.)
Lossless Case
y
 c   
PEC
1/2
  kc  
2

 2

k z  k 2 
 n   d  , ,
  n 0,1, 2,...
  d  
  x
 
z w
k  k
2
c 
2 1/2
k  
2 2
real 

For k 2  k c2 For k 2  k c2

 k z   k 2  kc2  k z  j kc2  k 2  j
 propagating mode  e  jk z z e   z

Fields decay exponentially

 “evanescent” mode
16
 TMz Modes (cont.)
Cutoff frequency (for lossless case)
This is the frequency that defines the border between evanescence and propagation.

fc  cutoff frequency
 c   

@ f  fc n
k kc  c  
d

n 1
f c  f cn  cutoff frequency for TMn mode
2d 

Note: For a lossy waveguide, there is no sharp definition of cutoff frequency.

17
 TMz Modes (cont.)
Time average power flow in z direction (lossless case):
y
 c   
wd
1   PEC
PTMn  Re  E H  zˆ dydx 
*

2 0 0 
wd d  , ,
1  
 Re  E y H x*dydx  x
2 0 0 
d z w
 2 2  n 

 2 z
 Re{k z } An w cos  y  dy e
2kc2 0  d 
jk z  n   jk z z
E y  An cos  ye
kc  d 
 2  d   2 z
PTMn  2
Re{k z } An w  e j c  n   jk z z
2k c 2 Hx  An cos  ye
kc  d 
n 1, 2,...

k z is real for f  f c
k z isimaginary for f  f c
18
 TEz Modes (Ez = 0)
Recall: y
H z ( x, y, z ) hz ( x, y ) e  jkz z
PEC

where  , ,
d
t2 hz  x, y   kc2 hz  x, y  x
z w
eigenvalue problem
Note:
kc  k  k2 2 Solving the eigenvalue problem
z
(using appropriate boundary conditions)
will tell us what the eigenvalue kc is.

 2 2 
 2  2  hz  x, y   kc hz  x, y 
2
(Assume no x variation)
 x y 

d2
so h
2 z  y   k c hz  y 
2

dy
19
 TEz Modes (cont.)
y
d2
2 z  
h y  kc2 hz  y 
dy PEC

subject to B.C.’s Ex = 0 @ y=0, d

d  , ,
x
Solving the above equation: z w
hz  A sin( kc y )  B cos( kc y )
hz kc A cos(kc y )  k c B sin(k c y ) 1  H z H y 
Ex  
j c  y z 
ApplyB.C.'s :
PEC : H nˆ 0, Et 0
@ y 0  A 0
n
@ y d  kc d n , n 1, 2,3,...  kc 
d hz
0
y
20
 TEz Modes (cont.)
 n 
hz  y  Bn cos  y n 1, 2,3,...
 d  k z k  k
2
c
2 1/2

1/2
 2  n  2 
 n   jk z z
H z  y, z  Bn cos  ye  k  
  d
 
 
 d  

k 2  2  c
For a wave propagating in the +z direction:

 j H z j  n   n   jk z z
Ex  2
 2 Bn   sin  ye
kc y kc  d   d 
jk H z jk z  n   n   jk z z
H y  2z  2 Bn   sin  y e
kc y kc  d   d 
H x 0 E y 0 E z 0

No x variation TEz mode

21
 TEz Modes (cont.)
y
Summary PEC

 n   jk z z
H z  Bn cos  ye d  , ,
 d 
x
j  n   jk z z z w
Ex  Bn sin  ye
kc  d  Each value of n corresponds to a
jk  n   jk z z unique TEz field solution or “mode.”
H y  z Bn sin  ye
kc  d   TEn mode
H x  E y  E z 0
n Cutoff frequency
kc  ; n 1, 2,...
d n  1 
1/2
f c  f cn   
 2  n  2  2d   
k z  k    
  d  
 Note: There is no TE0 mode
(This mode would be a plane wave having Ex and Hy, but
k 2  2  c would not be supported by this system. This mode would
require PMC on top and bottom, and PEC on the sides.) 22
 Power in TEz Mode
Time average power flow in z direction (lossless case):

 c   
1 
wd
 y
P 
TEn  Re   E H *  zˆ dydx 
2 0 0  PEC
1  
wd
 Re  Ex H *y dydx 
2 0 0  d  , ,
d
 2 2  n  x

 2 z
 Re{k z } Bn w sin  y  dy e
2kc2 0  d  z w

 j  n   jk z z
Re  k z  Bn wd e
2
P
  2 z Ex  Bn sin  ye
TEn
4k 2 kc  d 
c
jk  n   jk z z
H y  z Bn sin  ye
kc  d 

k z is real for f  f c
k z isimaginary for f  f c
23
 Mode Chart
For all the modes of a parallel-plate waveguiding structure, we have

n  1 
f cn     c   

2d   

TE1 TE2 TE3

TEM TM1 TM2 TM3
Single 3 5
mode modes mode ….
prop. prop prop.
f
f c1 fc2 fc3
0

The mode with lowest cutoff frequency is called the

“dominant” mode of the waveguide.

Important conclusion: If we want to use the structure as a

transmission line, we need to operate in the region f < fc1.
24
 Field Plots
y

TEM
x

TM1
x

TE1
x

(from Pozar book)

25
 Plane Wave Interpretation
TMz waveguide mode propagating in +z direction:
 n   jk z z
E z  An sin  ye
 d  n
jk  n   jk z z kc 
E y  z An cos  ye d
kc  d 
Re-label this as ky
j c  n   jk z z
Hx  An cos  ye
kc  d 

 1   jk y
E z  An sin k y y  e  jk z z

2j
  jk y
Ez  An   e y e  jkz z  e y e  jk z z 
jk z
An cos k y y  e  jk z z jk
E y 
kc 2kc

 jk y  jk y
E y  z An e y e  jkz z  e y e  jk z z 
j c
An cos k y y  e  jk z z j c
Hx 
kc Hx 
2kc
 jk y  jk y
An e y e  jkz z  e y e  jk z z 
1 jx 1 jx
cos  x  
2
e  e  jx  sin  x  
2j
e  e jx 
26
 Plane Wave Interpretation (cont.)
The TMz waveguide mode is a sum of two plane waves*:

y
TMz Side view

H
   H
E k z k cos 
E 
z

y
 1   jk y
PEC
  jk y
Ez  An   e y e  jkz z  e y e  jk z z
2j

jk
d  , , 
 jk y  jk y
E y  z An e y e  jkz z  e y e  jk z z
2kc

x j c
z w
Hx 
2kc
 jk y  jk y
An e y e  jkz z  e y e  jk z z 
*We can also think of one a single plane wave bouncing up and down.
27
 Plane Wave Interpretation (cont.)
The TEz waveguide mode is a sum of two plane waves*:

y
TE z Side view

 H
E k z k cos 
H  E  
z

y
 1   jk y
PEC
  jk y
H z Bn   e y e  jk z z  e y e jk z z
 2

j
d  , ,
Ex 
2 j  k c

 jk y  jk y
Bn e y e  jk z z  e y e jk z z 
x jk z
w
H y 
2 j  k c
  jk y  jk y
Bn e y e  jk z z  e y e jk z z 
z

*We can also think of one a single plane wave bouncing up and down.
28
 Conductor Attenuation on Parallel Plates
TEM Mode y
 1
wd

P0 Re   E H zˆ dydx 
*

0 0 2  Assume no dielectric m
loss for the calculation
1   V0  
wd 2

 Re   2 zˆ  zˆ dydx  of conductor

2  0 0   d  attenuation. m
   d  c   
1 2  w 1  k ,  Real x
 V0    
2  d   w
z
V0  jkz
On the top plate: J stop  yˆ H E  yˆ e
d
V0  jkz V
 zˆ e H  xˆ 0 e  jkz
d d

On the bottom plate: Pl (0)

c 
bot V0  jkz 2 P0
J s  yˆ H  zˆ e
d
29
Conductor Attenuation on Parallel Plates (cont.)
Rs  top 2 
w w
bot 2
Pl (0)   J s dx  J s dx 
2 0 z 0
0
z 0

w 2
V
Rs  0 dx (equal contributions from both plates)
0
d
2
V0
Rs w 1 2 1 2
( d ) 2 Pl (0) 
2 C
Rs1 J s d 
2 C
Rs1 J s d
1 z 0 2 z 0

We then have:
 w  2 The final result is then
Rs V0  2 
Pl (0)  ( d ) 
c   Rs
2 P0  1 2 w  c 
2   V0   d
 2   d 

30
Conductor Attenuation on Parallel Plates (cont.)
Let’s try the same calculation using the Wheeler incremental inductance rule.

 Rs  Z 0
 cond
c  
2 Z 
 0  
We apply the formula for each conductor and then add the results:  c  ctop   cbot

From previous
calculations: In this formula, (for a given conductor) is the
distance by which the conducting boundary is
d receded away from the field region.
Z 0   
 w
Z 0 dZ 0

w  d
(since  d for either plate)

d ,

k ,  Real

31
Conductor Attenuation on Parallel Plates (cont.)
 Rs  Z 0 Z 0 dZ 0 d
 cond
c    Z 0   
Z 
 0  
2  d  w

Hence, we have:

 Rs    d  Rs Rs Rs
 top
c       
 2 Z 0  d  w  2wZ 0 2 w    2 d
d
 
 w
 Rs    d  Rs Rs Rs
 bot
c       
2 Z 
 0   d w  2 wZ  d  2 d
0
2w   
 w
w
Rs
d , c 
d
k ,  Real
32
 Surface Roughness
Conductor attenuation will increase due to surface roughness effects.

Stripline

200 m

Surfaces 3 and 4 are rough.

33
 Surface Roughness (cont.)

We can use an effective conductivity to account for surface roughness.

Example:

Pure copper
 5.8 107  S/m 

Practical copper
 3.0 107  S/m

34
 Surface Roughness (cont.)
Hammerstad and Jensen formula
2   Ra  2 
1
K rough 1  tan  1.4    Ra = height of surface roughness
     
 

This is a factor that gives the increase in the attenuation constant .

Attenuation factor Krough vs. surface roughness
Attenuation factor

E. Hammerstad and O. Jensen,

“Accurate models for microstrip
computer-aided design,” in
Microwave Symp. Digest, IEEE
MTT-S International, 1980, vol. 1,
no. 12, pp. 407–409.

Ratio of roughness Ra to skin depth 

https://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/surface-roughness 35
 Surface Roughness (cont.)

rbase / r 1 / 3

rbase
Ar
r
…
r

Ar: Hemispheroid height

rbase: Hemispheroid radius
r: Period X. Guo, D. R. Jackson, M. Y. Koledintseva, S. Hinaga, J. L. Drewniak, and J. Chen, “An Analysis
of Conductor Surface Roughness Effects on Signal Propagation for Stripline Interconnects,” IEEE
Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 707–714, June 2014.
36
Conductor Attenuation on Parallel Plates (cont.)
Waveguide Modes
y
m

m
d  c   
x
z w

Results for TM/TE Modes (above cutoff): (derivation omitted)

2kRs
TMn modes of PPW:  cnTM  , n0
 d
2kc2 Rs
TEn modes of PPW:  cnTE  , n 0
k  d

Note: Below cutoff, we usually do not worry about conductor loss.

37