DATA

MANAGEME
NT
DATA GATHERING
AND ORGANIZING
DATA
 Then one foggy Christmas
Rudolf the Statistician Eve!
Sample data everywhere Santa came to say
Mean, heights, and heart Rudolf with your pencils
conditions write
Calculated with great care. What gifts I should take
tonight?
All of his population
Gathered from coast to Quickly he polled the
coast children
Sought out his information Then Rudolf shout it with
You would always keep the glee
most Stats did provide the answer
Give Nintendo and Barbie.
 Then one foggy Christmas
Rudolf the Statistician Eve!
Sample data everywhere Santa came to say
Mean, heights, and heart Rudolf with your pencils
conditions write
Calculated with great care. What gifts I should take
tonight?
All of his population
Gathered from coast to Quickly he polled the
coast children
Sought out his information Then Rudolf shout it with
You would always keep the glee
most Stats did provide the answer
Give Nintendo and Barbie.
 DATA COLLECTION
• Process of gathering and measuring
information about variables on study in
an established systematic procedure,
which then enable to answer relevant
questions at hand and evaluate
outcomes.
FOUR TYPES OF DATA
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
 NOMINAL
• Is the easiest to understand among the type of data.
• It is sometimes referred to as classificatory scale.
CLASSIFICATORY SCALE – used for classifying and
labelling variables without quantitative value.
EXAMPLE:
a. What is your eye color?
b. Where do you live?
c. What is your gender?
 ORDINAL
• In this scale, there is no standard difference of measurement.
• Can easily be remembered because it sounds like order which
matters in ordinal scale.
EXAMPLE:
a. How satisfied are you with our service?
b. What are the ranks of the ladies in a beauty pageant?
c. What are the honor ranks of students?
 INTERVAL
• Possesses the characteristics of the nominal and ordinal
scale where data are classified and ranked.
• One problem with interval scale, it doesn’t have a “true
zero.”
EXAMPLE:
a. When measured temperature is (in Fahrenheit), the
distance from 30 – 40 is same as distance from 70 – 80.
b. IQ
 RATIO
• This scale possesses the characteristics of nominal, ordinal and interval
scale.
• However, if in interval scale there is no true zero value, in ratio scale,
zero is absolute.
• This is the point where the quality being measured does not exist.
EXAMPLE:
a. How much income do you earn in a week?
b. How many siblings are there in your family?
c. How old are you?
Intelligence Quotient
Color
Gender Temperature
in Fahrenheit
Class Officer
Civil Status
Income
Age
Educational Background
Latin Honors
 ORGANIZING DATA
1. Frequency Distribution Table
- An excellent device for making larger collections of data much more
manageable
- It consists of:
Class intervals (lower and upper limits) cumulative frequency
Class marks relative frequency
Frequency cumulative relative frequency
RAW DATA – is the data collected in the
original form
RANGE - is the difference of the highest
value and the lowest value in a
distribution
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION - is the
organization of data in a tabular form,
using mutually exclusive classes showing
the number of observations in each.
CLASS LIMITS – highest and lowest values
describing a class
CLASS BOUNDARIES – upper and lower
values of a class for group frequency
distribution whose values has additional
decimal place more than the class limits and
end with the digit 5
INTERVAL - distance between the class
lower boundary and the class upper
boundary and it is denoted by the symbol i
FREQUENCY (f) – number of values in a
specific class of a frequency distribution
PERCENTAGE – obtained by multiplying
the relative frequency by 100%
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (cf) – sum of
the frequencies accumulated up to the
upper boundary of a class in a frequency
distribution
MIDPOINT – point halfway between the
class limits of each class and is
representative of the data within the
class
EXAMPLE
Let’s say you have a list of IQ scores for a gifted
classroom in a particular elementary school. The IQ
scores are: 118, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130,
130, 133, 136, 138, 141, 142, 149, 150, 154. Make
a distribution table.
Step 1: Arrange the data from highest to lowest.
118, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 130, 133,
136, 138, 141, 142, 149, 150, 154
Step 2: Solve for the range (R)
R = highest score – lowest score
R = 154 – 118 = 36
Step 3: Prepare the table.
Step 3.1: Solve for the number of classes.
Compute using the formula : k = 1 + 3.322logn
k = 1 + 3.322log(17)
k = 5. 09
Step 3.2: Solve for the class width.
Compute using the formula: c =
c=
INTERVAL CLASS TALLY FREQUENCY LESS THAN GREATER RELATIVE
BOUNDARIES CUMULATIVE THAN FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY

LL - UL LB - UB f <cf >cf rf

118 - 125 117.5 – 125.5 IIII

4 4 1 23.5
7 %
126 - 133 125.5 – 133..5 IIII - I
6 1 1 35.3
0 3 %
134 - 141 133.5 – 141.5 III
3 1 7 17.6
3 %
142 - 149 141.5 – 149.5 II
2 1 4 11.8
5 %
150 - 157 149.5 – 157.5 II
2 1 2 11.8
7 %
2. Make Charts or
graphs
Once the data are
gathered and organized in a
frequency distribution, the
next step is to come up with
a comprehensive
presentation that is easier
to understand. One of it is
through graphs.
GRAPHS – are pictorial
 a. histogram
• Looks like a bar graph.
• It groups are made up of class
intervals of a continuous data.
• The graph has no gaps; it is helpful
when the distribution is interval and
ratio
• It also illustrate central tendency,
shape and how the data are spread
• A histogram is made up of
A.A title which identifies the
population of concern and
the type of information
presented.
B.A vertical scale identifies
the frequencies in the
various classes.
C.A horizontal scale
identifies the variable. It
also shows values for class
boundaries, class limits, or
 b. Frequency polygon

• Looks like a line

graph.
• It is a visually
substantial
method of
representing
quantitative
data and its
frequency.
 c. ogive
• Is a cumulative
frequency graph for
the classes in a
frequency
distribution.
• the graph is typically
“upward” in trend.
• It also shows values
below certain
 d. Box & whisker
• Shows the median, the
quartiles and the extremes
for a numerical set of
data.
• The box portion contains
about 50% of the data
values.
• The two whiskers each
contain about 25% of the
data values.
• It shows how spread out