University Physics with

Modern Physics 14th

Edition
Hugh D. Young
Roger A. Freedman
Pearson
http://www.caglayan.com

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Chapter 5

Applying Newton’s
Laws
Lecture Notes
Dr. Ayşegül F. YELKENCİ
İKÜ Department of Physics
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Twelfth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Lectures by James Pazun

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 Goals for Chapter 5

• To use and apply Newton’s First Law

• To use and apply Newton’s Second Law

• To study friction and fluid resistance

• To consider forces in circular motion

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 Using Newton’s First Law when forces are in equilibrium
•Newton's first law: When a particle is at rest or is moving
with constant velocity in an inertial frame of reference, the
net force acting on it----that is, the vector sum of all the
forces acting on it---must be zero:

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A gymnast with mass mG = 50.0 kg suspends herself from the lower end of a
hanging rope. The upper end of the rope is attached to the gymnasium ceiling.
What is the gymnast's weight? What force (magnitude and direction) does the rope
exert on her? What is the tension at the top of the rope? Assume that the mass of
the rope itself is negligible.

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 Suppose that in Example 5.1, the weight of the rope is not negligible
but is 120 N. Find the tension at each end of the rope.

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 In Fig. 5.3a, a car engine with weight w hangs from a chain that is linked
at ring O to two other chains, one fastened to the ceiling and the other to
the wall. Find the tension in each of the three chains in terms of w. The
weights of the ring and chains are negligible.

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A car of weight w rests on a slanted ramp leading to a car-transporter
trailer. Only a cable running from the trailer to the car prevents the car
from rolling backward off the ramp. (The car's brakes are off and its
transmission is in neutral.) Find the tension in the cable and the force
that the tracks exert on the car's tires.

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 Blocks of granite are to be hauled up a 15° slope out of a quarry, and dirt
is to be dumped into the quarry to fill up old holes. To simplify the
process, you design a system in which a granite block on a cart with
steel wheels (weight w1 including both block and cart) is pulled uphill
on steel rails by a dirt-filled bucket (weight w2, including both dirt and
bucket) dropping vertically into the quarry.
How must the weights w1 and w2 be related in order for the system to
move with constant speed? Ignore friction in the pulley and wheels
and the weight of the cable.

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 Using Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
• We apply Newton's
second law to bodies
on which the net force
is not zero, so the
bodies are not in
equilibrium and hence
are accelerating.

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 An iceboat is at rest on a perfectly frictionless horizontal surface. A wind is
blowing (along the direction of the runners) so that 4.0 s after the iceboat is
released, it attains a velocity of 6.0 m/s. What constant horizontal force Fw does
the wind exert on the iceboat? The mass of iceboat and rider is 200 kg.

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 Suppose a constant horizontal friction force with magnitude 100 N opposes the
motion of the iceboat in Example 5.6. In this case, what constant force Fw must
the wind exert on the iceboat to cause the same constant x-acceleration a x = 1.5
m/s2?

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An elevator and its load have a total mass of 800 kg. The elevator is originally
moving downward at 10.0 m/s; it slows to a stop with constant acceleration in a
distance of 25.0 m. Find the tension T in the supporting cable while the elevator is
being brought to rest.

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 A 50.0-kg woman stands on a bathroom scale while riding in the
elevator in Example 5.8. What is the reading on the scale?

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 A toboggan loaded with vacationing students (total weight w) slides down a long,
snow-covered slope. The hill slopes at a constant angle α, and the toboggan is so
well waxed that there is virtually no friction. What is its acceleration?

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You push a 1.00-kg food tray through the cafeteria line with a constant 9.0-N force.
As the tray moves, it pushes on a 0.50-kg carton of milk. The tray and carton slide
on a horizontal surface that is so greasy that friction can be neglected. Find the
acceleration of the tray and carton and the horizontal force that the tray exerts on the
carton.

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 Figure 5.15a shows an air-track glider with mass m1 moving on a level,
frictionless air track in the physics lab. The glider is connected to a lab weight
with mass m2 by a light, flexible, non-stretching string that passes over a small
frictionless pulley. Find the acceleration of each body and the tension in the
string.

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 Frictional forces, kinetic and static
• The kind of friction that acts
when a body slides over a
surface is called a kinetic
friction force fk.

• The magnitude of the

kinetic friction force usually
increases when the normal
force increases.

Where μk is a constant called the

coefficient of kinetic friction.

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 Coefficients of friction

Friction forces may also act when there is no relative motion. This is called a static
friction force fs. μs, the coefficient of static friction.

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 Applied force is proportional until the object moves—Figure 5.19

• Notice the transition between static and kinetic friction.

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 You are trying to move a 500-N crate across a level floor. To start the crate
moving, you have to pull with a 230-N horizontal force. Once the crate "breaks
loose" and starts to move, you can keep it moving at constant velocity with only
200 N. What are the coefficients of static and kinetic friction?

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 In Example 5.13, what is the friction force if the crate is at rest
on the surface and a horizontal force of 50 N is applied to it?

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In Example 5.13, suppose you try to move the crate by tying a rope
around it and pulling upward on the rope at an angle of 30° above the
horizontal. How hard do you have to pull to keep the crate moving
with constant velocity? Is this easier or harder than pulling
horizontally? Assume w = 500 N and μk = 0.40.

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Let's go back to the toboggan we studied in Example 5.10 (Section
5.2). The wax has worn off and there is now a nonzero coefficient of
kinetic friction μk . The slope has just the right angle to make the
toboggan slide with constant speed. Derive an expression for the
slope angle in terms of w and μk .

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 The same toboggan with the same coefficient of friction as in
Example 5.16 accelerates down a steeper hill. Derive an expression
for the acceleration in terms of g, a, μk and w.

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 Fluid Resistance and Terminal Speed
• The magnitude of the fluid resistance force usually
increases with the speed of the body through the fluid.

• In motion through air at the speed of a tossed tennis ball or

faster, the resisting force is approximately proportional to v2
rather than to v. It is then called air drag or simply drag.
Airplanes, falling raindrops, and bicyclists all experience air
drag.

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 Fluid Resistance and Terminal Speed
Because of the effects of fluid
resistance, an object falling in a fluid
does not have a constant acceleration.

When the rock first starts to move, vy = 0,

the resisting force is zero, and the initial
acceleration is ay = g
As the speed increases, the resisting force also increases, until finally it is
equal to the weight. At this time mg - kvy = 0, the acceleration becomes
zero, and there is no further increase in speed. The final speed vt called the
terminal speed, is given by mg - kvt = 0, or:

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 For the sport of skydiving, terminal speed is vital

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• For a human body falling through air in a spread-eagle
position, the numerical value of the constant D is about 0.25
kg/m. Find the terminal speed for a lightweight 50-kg
skydiver.

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 The dynamics of uniform circular motion
When a particle moves in a
circular path with constant speed,
the particle’s acceleration is
always directed toward the center
of the circle (perpendicular to the
instantaneous velocity).

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• A sled with a mass of 25.0 kg rests on a horizontal sheet of
essentially frictionless ice. It is attached by a 5.00-m rope to
a post set in the ice. Once given a push, the sled revolves
uniformly in a circle around the post. If the sled makes five
complete revolutions every minute, find the force F exerted
on it by the rope.

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An inventor proposes to make a pendulum clock using a pendulum bob
with mass m at the end of a thin wire of length L. Instead of swinging back
and forth, the bob moves in a horizontal circle with constant speed v, with
the wire making a constant angle β with the vertical direction. This system
is called a conical pendulum because the suspending wire traces out a
cone. Find the tension F in the wire and the period T (the time for one
revolution of the bob) in terms of β.

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• The sports car in Example 3.11 (Section 3.4) is rounding a
flat, unbanked curve with radius R. If the coefficient of static
friction between tires and road is μs, what is the maximum
speed vmax at which the driver can take the curve without
sliding?

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For a car traveling at a certain speed, it is possible to bank a
curve at just the right angle so that no friction at all is needed
to maintain the car's turning radius. Then a car can safely
round the curve even on wet ice. Your engineering firm plans
to rebuild the curve in Example 5.22 so that a car moving at
speed v can safely make the turn even with no friction. At
what angle β should the curve be banked?

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 Banked Curves and the Flight of Airplanes
• When an airplane is flying in a
straight line at a constant speed
and at a steady altitude, the
airplane's weight is exactly
balanced by the lift force L
exerted by the air. To make the
airplane turn, the pilot banks the
airplane to one side so that the
lift force has a horizontal
component as Fig. 5.35 shows.
The bank angle is related to the
airplane's speed v and the
radius R of the turn.

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• A passenger on a carnival Ferris wheel moves in a vertical
circle of radius R with constant speed v. The seat remains
upright during the motion. Find expressions for the force the
seat exerts on the passenger at the top of the circle and at
the bottom.

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 At the top the acceleration has magnitude v2/R, but its
vertical component is negative because its direction is
downward. Hence ay = -v2/R,

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 Summary

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 Summary

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 Summary

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 Summary

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 Suggested Problems

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 Exercise 5.8

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 Suggested Problems

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 Exercise 5.12
The free-body diagram for the block is:

The free-body diagram for the lower knot is:

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 Exercise 5.12

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 Suggested Problems

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 Exercise 5.33
The friction the ramp exerts on the lower box is kinetic friction.
The upper box doesn’t slip relative to the lower box, so the friction between
the two boxes is static. Since the speed is constant the acceleration is zero.

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 Exercise 5.33

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 Sugessted Problems

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 Exercise 5.45

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