Digital Electronics

Number System

Md. Arifuzzaman
Lecturer
Department of CSE
Leading University, Sylhet

Digital Logic Design Ch1-1

 Popular number systems in connection with digital
computers are:
 Decimal
 Binary
 Octal
 Hexadecimal

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Digital Logic Design Ch1-2
• Decimal System:
It is the most commonly used number system in the
world. It has following features:
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Base: 10 (since total numbers are 10)

• Binary System:
Digital computers use Binary numbers for internal
operations. It has following features:
Digits: 0, 1
Base: 2 (since total numbers are 2)

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Digital Logic Design Ch1-3
• Octal System:
This is not a commonly used number system. It has
following features:
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Base: 8 (since total numbers are 8)

• Hexadecimal System:
This system is popular among computer scientists,
engineers, information technologists. It has following
features:
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Base: 16 (since total numbers are 16)

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Digital Logic Design Ch1-4
 Decimal Number System
 Base (also called radix) = 10
 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
 Digit Position
 Integer & fraction 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Digit Weight
5 1 2 7 4
 Weight = (Base) Position
 Magnitude 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
 Sum of “Digit x Weight”
 Formal Notation
 D= DIGIT 500 10 2 0.7 0.04
 B=BASE
d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2

(512.74)10
Digital Logic Design Ch1-5
Decimal Number System

Digital Logic Design Ch1-6

 Binary Number System
 Base = 2
 2 digits { 0, 1 }, called binary digits or “bits”
 Weights
 Weight = (Base)
Position 4 2 1 1/2 1/4

 Magnitude 1 0 1 0 1
 Sum of “Bit x Weight” 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation 2 1 0 -1 -2
1 *2 +0 *2 +1 *2 +0 *2 +1 *2
 Groups of bits 4 bits = Nibble
=(5.25)10
8 bits = Byte
(101.01)2
1011

11000101
Digital Logic Design Ch1-7
Binary To Decimal

Digital Logic Design Ch1-8

Decimal to Binary

Digital Logic Design Ch1-9

 Decimal (Integer) to Binary
Conversion
 Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
 Take the remainder (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
 Take the quotient and repeat the division

Example: (13)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
13/ 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6 /2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3 /2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1 /2= 0 1 a3 = 1
Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

MSB LSB
Digital Logic Design Ch1-10
 Decimal (Fraction) to Binary
Conversion
 Multiply the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
 Take the integer (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
 Take the resultant fraction and repeat the division

Example: (0.625)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.625 * 2 = 1 . 25 a-1 = 1
0.25 * 2 = 0 . 5 a-2 = 0
0.5 *2= 1 . 0 a-3 = 1
Answer: (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)2 = (0.101)2

MSB LSB

Digital Logic Design Ch1-11

 Octal Number System
 Base = 8
 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
 Weights
 Weight = (Base) Position 64 8 1 1/8 1/64
 Magnitude 5 1 2 7 4
 Sum of “Digit x Weight”
2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation
2 1 0 -1 -2
5 *8 +1 *8 +2 *8 +7 *8 +4 *8

=(330.9375)10

(512.74)8

Digital Logic Design Ch1-12

 Hexadecimal Number System
 Base = 16
 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F }
 Weights
 Weight = (Base) Position 256 16 1 1/16 1/256

 Magnitude 1 E 5 7 A
 Sum of “Digit x Weight”
2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation
2 1 0 -1 -2
1 *16 +14 *16 +5 *16 +7 *16 +10 *16

=(485.4765625)10

(1E5.7A)16

Digital Logic Design Ch1-13

 The Power of 2

n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512
2 22=4 10 210=1024 Kilo

3 23=8 11 211=2048
4 24=16 12 212=4096
5 25=32 20 220=1M Mega

6 26=64 30 230=1G Giga

7 27=128 40 240=1T Tera

Digital Logic Design Ch1-14

Number Base Conversions
Evaluate
Magnitude
Octal
(Base 8)

Evaluate
Magnitude
Decimal Binary
(Base 10) (Base 2)

Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
Evaluate
Magnitude
Digital Logic Design Ch1-15
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example: (175)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)8 = (257)8

Example: (0.3125)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 = 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
0.5 *8= 4 . 0 a-2 = 4
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8

Digital Logic Design Ch1-16

 Binary − Octal Conversion
Octal Binary
 8 = 23
 Each group of 3 bits represents an octal 0 000
digit 1 001
2 010
Assume Zeros
Example: 3 011

( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 4 100
5 101
6 110
( 2 6 . 2 )8 7 111

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to Binary)

Digital Logic Design Ch1-17
 Binary − Hexadecimal Conversion
Hex Binary
 16 = 24 0 0000
1 0001
 Each group of 4 bits represents a
2 0010
hexadecimal digit 3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
Assume Zeros 6 0110
Example: 7 0111
8 1000
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
(1 6 . 4 )16 E 1110
F 1111

Works both ways (Binary to Hex & Hex to Binary)

Digital Logic Design Ch1-18
 Octal − Hexadecimal Conversion
 Convert to Binary as an intermediate step

Example:
( 2 6 . 2 )8

Assume Zeros Assume Zeros

( 0 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 )2

(1 6 . 4 )16

Works both ways (Octal to Hex & Hex to Octal)

Digital Logic Design Ch1-19
Decimal, Binary, Octal and
Hexadecimal
Decimal Binary Octal Hex
00 0000 00 0
01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
03 0011 03 3
04 0100 04 4
05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
07 0111 07 7
08 1000 10 8
09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

Digital Logic Design Ch1-20