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Data Collection (Chapter 1)

Summarizing Data in Tables and Graphs (Chapter 2)
 STATISTICS
INFORMED DECISIONS USING DATA
Fifth Edition

Chapter 3
Numerically
Summarizing
Data

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
Learning Objectives
1. Determine the arithmetic mean of a variable from raw data
2. Determine the median of a variable from raw data
3. Explain what it means for a statistic to be resistant
4. Determine the mode of a variable from raw data

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (1 of 9)

The arithmetic mean of a variable is computed by adding all

the values of the variable in the data set and dividing by the
number of observations.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (2 of 9)

The population arithmetic mean, μ (pronounced “mew”), is

computed using all the individuals in a population.
The population mean is a parameter.

The sample mean is a statistic.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (4 of 9)

If x1, x2, …, xN are the N observations of a variable from a

population, then the population mean, µ, is

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (6 of 9)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Mean and a Sample Mean

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
(a) Compute the population mean of this data.
(b) Then take a simple random sample of n = 3 employees.
Compute the sample mean. Obtain a second simple random
sample of n = 3 employees. Again, compute the sample
mean.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (7 of 9)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Mean and a Sample Mean

(a)

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (8 of 9)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Mean and a Sample Mean

(b) Obtain a simple random sample of size n = 3 from the population of
seven employees. Use this simple random sample to determine a
sample mean. Find a second simple random sample and determine
the sample mean.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Determine the Arithmetic Mean of a Variable from Raw
Data (9 of 9)

IN CLASS ACTIVITY
Population Mean versus Sample Mean
Treat the students in the class as a population. All the students in the
class should determine their pulse rates.
a) Compute the population mean pulse rate.
b) Obtain a simple random sample of n = 4 students and compute
the sample mean. Does the sample mean equal the population
mean?
c) Obtain a second simple random sample of n = 4 students
and compute the sample mean. Does the sample mean
equal the population mean?
d) Are the sample means the same? Why?
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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (1 of 5)

The median of a variable is the value that lies in the middle

of the data when arranged in ascending order.
We use M to represent the median.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (2 of 5)

Steps in Finding the Median of a Data Set

Step 1 Arrange the data in ascending order.
Step 2 Determine the number of observations, n.
Step 3 Determine the observation in the middle of the data set.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (3 of 5)

Steps in Finding the Median of a Data Set

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (4 of 5)

EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an Odd

Number of Observations
The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Determine the median of this data.
Step 1: 5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43
Step 2: There are n = 7 observations.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.2 Determine the Median of a Variable from Raw Data (5 of 5)

EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an Even

Number of Observations
Suppose the start-up company hires a new employee. The travel
time of the new employee is 70 minutes. Determine the median of
the “new” data set.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43, 70
Step 1: 5, 18, 23, 23, 26, 36, 43, 70
Step 2: There are n = 8 observations.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (1 of 6)

EXAMPLE Computing a Median of a Data Set with an Even

Number of Observations
The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Suppose a new employee is hired who has a 130-minute commute.
How does this impact the value of the mean and median?
Mean before new hire: 24.9 minutes
Median before new hire: 23 minutes
Mean after new hire: 38 minutes
Median after new hire: 24.5 minutes

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (2 of 6)

A numerical summary of data is said to be resistant if

extreme values (very large or small) relative to the data do
not affect its value substantially.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (3 of 6)

Relation Between the Mean, Median, and Distribution Shape

Distribution Shape Mean versus Median
Skewed left Mean substantially smaller than median
Symmetric Mean roughly equal to median
Skewed right Mean substantially larger than
median

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (4 of 6)

EXAMPLE Describing the Shape of the Distribution

The following data represent the asking price of homes for sale in
Lincoln, NE.
79,995 128,950 149,900 189,900
99,899 130,950 151,350 203,950
105,200 131,800 154,900 217,500
111,000 132,300 159,900 260,000
120,000 134,950 163,300 284,900
121,700 135,500 165,000 299,900
125,950 138,500 174,850 309,900
126,900 147,500 180,000 349,900

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (5 of 6)

• Find the mean and median.

• Use the mean and median to identify the shape of the

distribution.

• Verify your result by drawing a histogram of the data.

The mean asking price is $168,320 and the median asking

price is $148,700. Therefore, we would conjecture that
the distribution is skewed right.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.3 Explain What It Means for a Statistic to Be Resistant (6 of 6)

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (1 of 7)

The mode of a variable is the most frequent observation of

the variable that occurs in the data set.
A set of data can have no mode, one mode, or more than
one mode.
If no observation occurs more than once, we say the data
have no mode.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (2 of 7)

EXAMPLE Finding the Mode of a Data Set

The data on the next slide represent the Vice Presidents of the
United States and their state of birth. Find the mode.

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (3 of 7)
Vice State of Birth Vice State of Birth Vice State of Birth
President President President
John Adams Massachusetts Schuyler New York Henry Wallace Iowa
Colfax
Thomas Virginia Henry Wilson New Harry Truman Missouri
Jefferson Hampshire
Aaron Burr New Jersey William New York Alben Barkley Kentucky
Wheeler
George Clinton New York Chester Arthur Vermont Richard Nixon California

Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts Thomas Ohio Lyndon Texas

Hendricks Johnson
Daniel New York Levi Morton Vermont Hubert South Dakota
Tompkins Humphrey
John Calhoun South Carolina Adlai Kentucky Spiro Agnew Maryland
Stevenson
Martin Van New York Garrett Hobart New Jersey Gerald Ford Nebraska
Buren

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (4 of 7)
Vice State of Birth Vice State of Birth Vice State of Birth
President President President
Richard Kentucky Theodore New York Nelson Maine
Johnson Rockefeller
Roosevelt
John Tyler Virginia Charles Ohio Walter Minnesota
Fairbanks Mondale
George Dallas Pennsylvania James New York George Bush Massachusetts
Sherman
Millard New York Thomas Indiana Dan Quayle Indiana
Fillmore
Marshall
William King North Carolina Calvin Vermont Al Gore Washington
Coolidge D.C.
John Kentucky Charles Ohio Richard Nebraska
Breckinridge Dawes Cheney
Hannibal Maine Charles Curtis Kansas Joe Biden Pennsylvania
Hamlin
Andrew North Carolina John Garner Texas
Johnson
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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (5 of 7)

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (6 of 7)

The mode
is New York

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 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.4 Determine the Mode of a Variable from Raw Data (7 of 7)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Learning Objectives
1. Determine the range of a variable from raw data
2. Determine the standard deviation of a variable from raw
data
3. Determine the variance of a variable from raw data
4. Use the Empirical Rule to describe data that are bell
shaped
5. Use Chebyshev’s Inequality to describe any data set

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Example Comparing Two Sets of Data (1 of 4)
To order food at a McDonald’s restaurant, one must choose
from multiple lines, while at Wendy’s Restaurant, one enters
a single line. The following data represent the wait time (in
minutes) in line for a simple random sample of 30 customers
at each restaurant during the lunch hour. For each sample,
answer the following:
(a) What was the mean wait time?
(b) Draw a histogram of each restaurant’s wait time.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Example Comparing Two Sets of Data (2 of 4)
Wait Time at Wendy’s
1.50 0.79 1.01 1.66 0.94 0.67
2.53 1.20 1.46 0.89 0.95 0.90
1.88 2.94 1.40 1.33 1.20 0.84
3.99 1.90 1.00 1.54 0.99 0.35
0.90 1.23 0.92 1.09 1.72 2.00

Wait Time at McDonald’s

3.50 0.00 0.38 0.43 1.82 3.04
0.00 0.26 0.14 0.60 2.33 2.54
1.97 0.71 2.22 4.54 0.80 0.50
0.00 0.28 0.44 1.38 0.92 1.17
3.08 2.75 0.36 3.10 2.19 0.23
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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Example Comparing Two Sets of Data (3 of 4)
(a) The mean wait time in each line is 1.39 minutes.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
Example Comparing Two Sets of Data (4 of 4)
(b)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.1 Determine the Range of a Variable from Raw Data (1 of
2)

The range, R, of a variable is the difference between the

largest data value and the smallest data values. That is,
Range = R = Largest Data Value − Smallest Data Value

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.1 Determine the Range of a Variable from Raw Data (2 of
2)

EXAMPLE Finding the Range of a Set of Data

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Find the range.
Range = 43 − 5
= 38 minutes

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (1 of 16)

The population standard deviation of a variable is the

square root of the sum of squared deviations about the
population mean divided by the number of observations in
the population, N. That is, it is the square root of the mean of
the squared deviations about the population mean.
The population standard deviation is symbolically
represented by σ (lowercase Greek sigma).

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (2 of 16)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (3 of 16)

A formula that is equivalent to the one on the previous slide,

called the computational formula, for determining the
population standard deviation is

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (4 of 16)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Standard Deviation

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Compute the population standard deviation of this data.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (5 of 16)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (6 of 16)

Using the computational formula, yields the same result.

xi (xi )2
23 529
36 1296
23 529
18 324
5 25
26 676
43 1849
Σxi = 174 Σ(xi)2 = 5228

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (7 of 16)

The sample standard deviation, s, of a variable is the

square root of the sum of squared deviations about the
sample mean divided by n − 1, where n is the sample size.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (8 of 16)

A formula that is equivalent to the one on the previous slide,

called the computational formula, for determining the sample
standard deviation is

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (9 of 16)

We call n − 1 the degrees of freedom because the first n − 1

observations have freedom to be whatever value they wish,
but the nth value has no freedom. It must be whatever value
forces the sum of the deviations about the mean to equal
zero.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (10 of 16)

EXAMPLE Computing a Sample Standard

Deviation
Here are the results of a random sample taken from the travel
times (in minutes) to work for all seven employees of a start-up
web development company:
5, 26, 36
Find the sample standard deviation.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (11 of 16)

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (12 of 16)

Using the computational formula, yields the same result.

xi (xi )2

5 25
26 676
36 1296

Σxi = 67 Σ(xi)2 = 1997

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (13 of 16)

IN CLASS ACTIVITY
The Sample Standard Deviation
Using the pulse rate data of your class, do the following:
a) Obtain a simple random sample of n = 5 students and
compute the sample standard deviation.
b) Obtain a second simple random sample of n = 5 students and
compute the sample standard deviation.
c) Are the sample standard deviations the same? Why?

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (14 of 16)

EXAMPLE Comparing Standard Deviations

Determine the standard deviation waiting time for Wendy’s and
McDonald’s. Which is larger? Why?

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (15 of 16)

Wait Time at Wendy’s

1.50 0.79 1.01 1.66 0.94 0.67
2.53 1.20 1.46 0.89 0.95 0.90
1.88 2.94 1.40 1.33 1.20 0.84
3.99 1.90 1.00 1.54 0.99 0.35
0.90 1.23 0.92 1.09 1.72 2.00

Wait Time at McDonald’s

3.50 0.00 0.38 0.43 1.82 3.04
0.00 0.26 0.14 0.60 2.33 2.54
1.97 0.71 2.22 4.54 0.80 0.50
0.00 0.28 0.44 1.38 0.92 1.17
3.08 2.75 0.36 3.10 2.19 0.23
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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.2 Determine the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Raw
Data (16 of 16)

EXAMPLE Comparing Standard Deviations

Sample standard deviation for Wendy’s: 0.726 minutes
Sample standard deviation for McDonald’s: 1.244 minutes
Recall from earlier that the data is more dispersed for
McDonald’s resulting in a larger standard deviation.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.3 Determine the Variance of a Variable from Raw Data (1 of 3)

The variance of a variable is the square of the standard

deviation. The population variance is σ2 and the sample
variance is s2.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.3 Determine the Variance of a Variable from Raw Data (2 of 3)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Variance

The following data represent the travel times (in minutes) to work
for all seven employees of a start-up web development company.
23, 36, 23, 18, 5, 26, 43
Compute the population and sample variance of this data.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.3 Determine the Variance of a Variable from Raw Data (3 of 3)

EXAMPLE Computing a Population Variance

Recall that the population standard deviation (from slide #49) is
σ = 11.36 so the population variance is σ2 = 129.05 minutes
and that the sample standard deviation (from slide #55) is
s = 15.82, so the sample variance is s2 = 250.27 minutes

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (1 of 7)

The Empirical Rule

If a distribution is roughly bell shaped, then
• Approximately 68% of the data will lie within 1 standard
deviation of the mean. That is, approximately 68% of the data lie
between μ − 1σ and μ + 1σ.
• Approximately 95% of the data will lie within 2 standard
deviations of the mean. That is, approximately 95% of the data
lie between μ − 2σ and μ + 2σ.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (2 of 7)

The Empirical Rule

If a distribution is roughly bell shaped, then
• Approximately 99.7% of the data will lie within 3 standard
deviations of the mean. That is, approximately 99.7% of the
data lie between μ − 3σ and μ + 3σ.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (3 of 7)

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3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (4 of 7)

EXAMPLE Using the Empirical Rule

The following data represent the serum HDL (high-density
lipoprotein) cholesterol of the 54 female patients of a family doctor.

41 60 48 43 38 35 37 44 44
44 64 75 77 58 82 39 85 55
62 54 69 69 70 65 72 74 74
54 59 60 60 61 62 63 64 64
67 53 54 55 56 56 56 57 58
74 45 47 47 48 48 50 52 52
 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (5 of 7)
a) Compute the population mean and standard deviation.
b) Draw a histogram to verify the data is bell-shaped.
c) Determine the percentage of all patients that have serum HDL
within 3 standard deviations of the mean according to the
Empirical Rule.
d) Determine the percentage of all patients that have serum HDL
between 34.03 and 69.1 according to the Empirical Rule.
e) Determine the actual percentage of patients that have serum
HDL between 34.03 and 69.1.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (6 of 7)
(a) Using a TI-83 plus graphing calculator, we find

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.4 Use the Empirical Rule to Describe Data that are Bell
Shaped (7 of 7)

22 33.8 81 92.8
45.6 57.4 69.2
Serum HDL Cholesterol Level

(c) According to the Empirical Rule, 99.7% of the all patients

that have serum HDL within 3 standard deviations of the
mean.
(d) 13.5% + 34% + 34% = 81.5% of all patients will have a
serum
HDL between 34.0 and 69.1 according to the Empirical Rule.
(e) 45 out of the 54 or 83.3% of the patients have a serum HDL
Copyright between 34.0
© 2018, 2014, and 69.1.
2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.5 Use Chebyshev’s Inequality to Describe Any Set of Data (1 of 2)

Note: We can also use Chebyshev’s Inequality based on

sample data.

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 3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.5 Use Chebyshev’s Inequality to Describe Any Set of Data (2 of 2)

EXAMPLE Using Chebyshev’s Theorem

Using the data from the previous example, use Chebyshev’s
Theorem to
a) determine the percentage of patients that have serum HDL
within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
Learning Objectives

1. Approximate the mean of a variable from grouped data

2. Compute the weighted mean
3. Approximate the standard deviation of a variable from
grouped data

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.1 Approximate the Mean of a Variable from Grouped Data (1 of 4)

We have discussed how to compute descriptive statistics

from raw data, but often the only available data have already
been summarized in frequency distributions (grouped
data).

Although we cannot find exact values of the mean or

standard deviation without raw data, we can approximate
these measures using the techniques discussed in this
section.

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.1 Approximate the Mean of a Variable from Grouped Data (2 of 4)

Approximate the Mean of a Variable from a Frequency

Distribution

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.1 Approximate the Mean of a Variable from Grouped Data (3 of 4)

EXAMPLE Approximating the Mean from a Relative

Frequency Distribution
The National Survey of Student Engagement is a survey that
(among other things) asked first year students at liberal arts
colleges how much time they spend preparing for class each week.
The results from the 2007 survey are summarized below.
Approximate the mean number of hours spent preparing for class
each week.

Hours 0 1−5 6−10 11−15 16−20 21−25 26−30 31−35

Frequency 0 130 250 230 180 100 60 50

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.1 Approximate the Mean of a Variable from Grouped Data (4 of 4)

Time Frequency xi xi fi
0 0 0 0
1–5 130 3 390
x
 xf i i
6 – 10 250 8 2000
11 – 15 230 13 2990 f i

16 – 20 180 18 3240 14,250


21 – 25 100 23 2300
1000
26 – 30 60 28 1680
 14.25
31 – 35 50 33 1650
f i
 1000  x f  14,250
i i

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.2 Compute the Weighted Mean (1 of 2)

When data values have difference importance, or weight,

associated with them, we compute the weighted mean

The weighted mean, xw , of a variable is found by multiplying

each value of the variable by its corresponding weight,
adding these products, and dividing this sum by the sum of
the weights. It can be expressed using the formula

where wi is the weight of the i th observation

xi is the value of the i th observation
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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.2 Compute the Weighted Mean (2 of 2)

EXAMPLE Computed a Weighted Mean

Bob goes to the “Buy the Weigh” Nut store and creates his own
bridge mix. He combines 1 pound of raisins, 2 pounds of chocolate
covered peanuts, and 1.5 pounds of cashews. The raisins cost
$1.25 per pound, the chocolate covered peanuts cost $3.25 per
pound, and the cashews cost $5.40 per pound. What is the cost
per pound of this mix?

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.3 Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Grouped Data (1 of 4)

Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from a

Frequency Distribution

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.3 Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Grouped Data (2 of 4)

An algebraically equivalent formula for the population

standard deviation is

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.3 Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Grouped Data (3 of 4)

EXAMPLE Approximating the Standard Deviation from a

Relative Frequency Distribution
The National Survey of Student Engagement is a survey that
(among other things) asked first year students at liberal arts
colleges how much time they spend preparing for class each
week. The results from the 2007 survey are summarized below.
Approximate the standard deviation number of hours spent
preparing for class each week.
Hours 0 1−5 6−10 11−15 16−20 21−25 26−30 31−35
Frequency 0 130 250 230 180 100 60 50

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 3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from
Grouped Data
3.3.3 Approximate the Standard Deviation of a Variable from Grouped Data (4 of 4)

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
Learning Objectives
1. Determine and interpret z-scores
2. Interpret percentiles
3. Determine and interpret quartiles
4. Determine and interpret the interquartile range
5. Check a set of data for outliers

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.1 Determine and Interpret z-Scores (1 of 3)
The z-score represents the distance that a data value is from
the mean in terms of the number of standard deviations.

We find it by subtracting the mean from the data value and

dividing this result by the standard deviation. There is both a
population z-score and a sample z-score:

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.1 Determine and Interpret z-Scores (2 of 3)
EXAMPLE Using Z-Scores
The mean height of males 20 years or older is 69.1 inches with a
standard deviation of 2.8 inches. The mean height of females 20
years or older is 63.7 inches with a standard deviation of 2.7
inches. Data is based on information obtained from National
Health and Examination Survey. Who is relatively taller?
Kevin Garnett (male) whose height is 83
inches or
Candace Parker (female) whose height is 76 inches

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.1 Determine and Interpret z-Scores (3 of 3)

Kevin Garnett’s height is 4.96 standard deviations above the

mean. Candace Parker’s height is 4.56 standard deviations
above the mean. Kevin Garnett is relatively taller.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.2 Interpret Percentiles (1 of 3)

The kth percentile, denoted, Pk , of a set of data is a value

such that k percent of the observations are less than or
equal to the value.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.2 Interpret Percentiles (2 of 3)

EXAMPLE Interpret a Percentile

The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a test required for
admission to many U.S. graduate schools. The University of
Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health requires a GRE score
no less than the 70th percentile for admission into their Human
Genetics MPH or MS program.
(Source: http://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/interior.php?pageID=101.)

Interpret this admissions requirement.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.2 Interpret Percentiles (3 of 3)

EXAMPLE Interpret a Percentile

In general, the 70th percentile is the score such that 70% of the
individuals who took the exam scored worse, and 30% of the
individuals scores better. In order to be admitted to this program,
an applicant must score as high or higher than 70% of the people
who take the GRE. Put another way, the individual’s score must
be in the top 30%.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.3 Determine and Interpret Quartiles (1 of 5)
Quartiles divide data sets into fourths, or four equal parts.
• The 1st quartile, denoted Q1, divides the bottom 25% the data from the
top 75%. Therefore, the 1st quartile is equivalent to the 25th percentile.

• The 2nd quartile divides the bottom 50% of the data from the top 50%
of the data, so that the 2nd quartile is equivalent to the 50th percentile,
which is equivalent to the median.

• The 3rd quartile divides the bottom 75% of the data from the top 25%
of the data, so that the 3rd quartile is equivalent to the 75th percentile.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.3 Determine and Interpret Quartiles (2 of 5)
Finding Quartiles
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order.
Step 2: Determine the median, M, or second quartile, Q2 .
Step 3: Divide the data set into halves: the observations below
(to the left of) M and the observations above M. The first
quartile, Q1, is the median of the bottom half, and the
third quartile, Q3, is the median of the top half.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.3 Determine and Interpret Quartiles (3 of 5)
EXAMPLE Finding and Interpreting Quartiles
A group of Brigham Young University—Idaho students (Matthew
Herring, Nathan Spencer, Mark Walker, and Mark Steiner)
collected data on the speed of vehicles traveling through a
construction zone on a state highway, where the posted speed
was 25 mph. The recorded speed of 14 randomly selected
vehicles is given below:
20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 40
Find and interpret the quartiles for speed in the construction
zone.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.3 Determine and Interpret Quartiles (4 of 5)
EXAMPLE Finding and Interpreting Quartiles
Step 1: The data is already in ascending order.
Step 2: There are n = 14 observations, so the median, or second
quartile, Q2, is the mean of the 7th and 8th observations.
Therefore, M = 32.5.
Step 3: The median of the bottom half of the data is the first
quartile, Q1.
20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32
The median of these seven observations is 28. Therefore,
Q1 = 28.
The median of the top half of the data is the third quartile, Q3.
Therefore, Q3 = 38.
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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.3 Determine and Interpret Quartiles (5 of 5)
Interpretation:
• 25% of the speeds are less than or equal to the first quartile, 28
miles per hour, and 75% of the speeds are greater than 28
miles per hour.
• 50% of the speeds are less than or equal to the second
quartile, 32.5 miles per hour, and 50% of the speeds are
greater than 32.5 miles per hour.
• 75% of the speeds are less than or equal to the third quartile,
38 miles per hour, and 25% of the speeds are greater than 38
miles per hour.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.4 Determine and Interpret the Interquartile Range (1 of 3)

The interquartile range, IQR, is the range of the middle

50% of the observations in a data set. That is, the IQR is the
difference between the third and first quartiles and is found
using the formula
IQR = Q3 − Q1

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.4 Determine and Interpret the Interquartile Range (2 of 3)

EXAMPLE Determining and Interpreting the Interquartile

Range
Determine and interpret the interquartile range of the speed data.

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 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.4 Determine and Interpret the Interquartile Range (3 of 3)
Suppose a 15th car travels through the construction zone at 100 miles
per hour. How does this value impact the mean, median, standard
deviation, and interquartile range?
Without 15th car With 15th car
Mean 32.1 mph 36.7 mph
Median 32.5 mph 33 mph
Standard deviation 6.2 mph 18.5 mph
IQR 10 mph 11 mph

Summary: Which Measures to Report

Shape of Distribution Measures of Central Measures of
Tendency Dispersion
Symmetric Mean Standard deviation
Skewed left or skewed right Median Interquartile range
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3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.5 Check a Set of Data for Outliers (1 of 2)

Checking for Outliers by Using Quartiles

Step 1 Determine the first and third quartiles of the data.

Step 2 Compute the interquartile range.

Step 3 Determine the fences. Fences serve as cutoff points for

determining outliers.

Lower Fence = Q1 − 1.5(IQR)

Upper Fence = Q3 + 1.5(IQR)

Step 4 If a data value is less than

the lower fence or greater than
 3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers
3.4.5 Check a Set of Data for Outliers (2 of 2)
EXAMPLE Determining and Interpreting the Interquartile Range

Check the speed data for outliers.

Step 1: The first and third quartiles are Q1 = 28 mph and Q3 = 38 mph
Step 2: The interquartile range is 10 mph
Step 3: The fences are
Lower Fence = Q1 − 1.5(IQR) = 28 − 1.5(10) = 13 mph
Upper Fence = Q3 + 1.5(IQR) = 38 + 1.5(10) = 53 mph
Step 4: There are no values less than 13 mph or greater than
53
mph. Therefore, there are no outliers.

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Homework: 23, 24, 27, 28
(pages 171-172)
Exercise 23

The following data represent the weights

(in grams) of a random sample of 50
M&M plain candies.
(a) Determine the sample standard
deviation weight. Express your answer
rounded to three decimal places.
(b) On the basis of the histogram drawn
in Section 3.1, Problem 25, comment on
the appropriateness of using the
Empirical Rule to make any general
statements about the weights of M&Ms.
(c) Use the Empirical Rule to determine the percentage of M&Ms with weights
between 0.803 and 0.947 gram.
(d) Determine the actual percentage of M&Ms that weigh between 0.803 and 0.947
gram, inclusive.
(e) Use the Empirical Rule to determine the percentage of M&Ms with weights more
than 0.911 gram.
(f) Determine the actual percentage of M&Ms that weigh more than 0.911 gram
Exercise 24

The following data represent the length of

eruption for a random sample of eruptions
at the Old Faithful geyser in Calistoga,
California.
(a) Determine the sample standard
deviation length. Express your answer
rounded to the nearest whole number.
(b) On the basis of the histogram drawn
in Section 3.1, Problem 26, comment on
the appropriateness of using the
Empirical Rule to make any general
statements about the length of eruptions.
(c) Use the Empirical Rule to determine the percentage of eruptions that last between
92 and 116 seconds.
(d) Determine the actual percentage of eruptions that last between 92 and 116
seconds, inclusive.
(e) Use the Empirical Rule to determine the percentage of eruptions that last less
than 98 seconds.
(f) Determine the actual percentage of eruptions that last less than 98 seconds.
Exercise 28

It is well known that San Diego has milder weather than Chicago, but which city has
more deviation from normal temperatures? Use the following data, which represent
the deviation from normal high temperatures for a random sample of days. In which
city would you rather be a meteorologist? Why?
Exercise 30

A certain standardized test’s math scores have a bell-shaped distribution with a

mean of 520 and a standard deviation of 119.
(a) What percentage of standardized test scores is between 401 and 639?
(b) What percentage of standardized test scores is less than 401 or greater than
639?
(c) What percentage of standardized test scores is greater than 758?