Bost university

Faculty of computer
science
Week#1
Course code:cs512 semester:
5th

Lecturer : Faizullah Ehsas

This week lectures topics

Introduction to artificial intelligence

History of AI and how it has progressed over the years
Different fields under AI to clear common misconceptions
What is the difference Between Natural intelligence and
artificial intelligence

Introduction to AI
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to replicate or

enhance human intellect, such as reasoning and learning from

experience

 . Artificial intelligence has been used in computer programs for

years, but it is now applied to many other products and services.

 For example, some digital cameras can determine what objects

are present in an image using artificial intelligence software

Continu..

 AI uses techniques from probability theory, economics, and

algorithm design to solve practical problems

In addition, the AI field draws upon computer science,

mathematics, psychology, and linguistics. Computer science

provides tools for designing and building algorithms,

 while mathematics offers tools for modeling and solving the

resulting optimization problems.

 Continue
Although the concept of AI has been around since the 19th

century, when Alan Turing first proposed an “imitation

game” to assess machine intelligence,

 It only became feasible to achieve in recent decades due

to the increased availability of computing power and data to

train AI systems.
 contin

To understand the idea behind AI,

 you should think about what distinguishes human intelligence

from that of other creatures –

 our ability to learn from experiences and apply these lessons to

new situations.

We can do this because of our advanced brainpower; we have

more neurons than any animal species.

 Contin…
 Today’s computers don’t match the human biological

neural network – not even close.

 But they have one significant advantage over us:

 their ability to analyze vast amounts of data and

experiences much faster than humans could ever hope.

 Contin
AI lets you focus on the most critical tasks and make better

decisions based on acquired data related to a use case.

 It can be used for complex tasks, such as predicting

maintenance requirements, detecting credit card fraud, and

finding the best route for a delivery truck.

 In other words, AI can automate many business processes

leaving you to concentrate on your core business.

 History of the AI
 Artificial intelligence dates back to the late 1940s when computer

pioneers like Alan Turing and John von Neumann first started

examining how machines could “think.”

 However, a significant milestone in AI occurred in 1956 when

researchers proved that a machine could solve any problem if it

were allowed to use an unlimited amount of memory.

 The result was a program called the General Problem Solver

(GPS).
 History
 Over the next two decades, research efforts focused on
applying artificial intelligence to real-world problems.

 This development led to expert systems, which allow

machines to learn from experience and make predictions
based on gathered data.

 Expert systems aren’t as complex as human brains, but

they can be trained to identify patterns and make
decisions based on that data.

 They’re commonly used in medicine and manufacturing

today.
 History

A second major milestone came in 1965 with the development of

programs like Shakey the robot and ELIZA, which automated

simple conversations between humans and machines.

.

 Note : ELIZA is an early natural language processing

computer program created from 1964 to 1966[
 History
 These early programs paved the way for more advanced speech

recognition technology, eventually leading to Siri and Alexa.

 Note: Siri and Alexa are the most popular digital assistant

tools owned by Apple computers and Amazon respectively and many

artificial intelligence technologies like natural language processing, voice

recognition and machine learning are used in these tool to service the

users innovatively.
 History
The initial surge of excitement around artificial intelligence

lasted about ten years.

It led to significant advances in programming language design,

theorem proving, and robotics.

 But it also provoked a backlash against over-hyped claims

that had been made for the field, and funding was cut back

sharply around 1974.

 History
After a decade without much progress, interest revived in the late

1980s.

This revival was primarily driven by reports that machines were

becoming better than humans at “narrow” tasks like playing checkers

or chess and advances in computer vision and speech recognition.

 This time, the emphasis was on building systems that could

understand and learn from real-world data with less human

intervention.
 History

These developments continued slowly until 1992, when interest began

to increase again.

First, technological advances in computing power and information

storage helped boost interest in research on artificial intelligence.

 Then, in the mid-1990s, another major boom was driven by

considerable advances in computer hardware that had taken place since

the early 1980s.

 The result has been dramatic improvements in performance on several

significant benchmark problems, such as image recognition, where

machines are now almost as good as humans at some tasks.

 History
 The early years of the 21st century were a period of significant
progress in artificial intelligence.

 The first major advance was the development of the self-

learning neural network.

 By 2001, its performance had already surpassed human

beings in many specific areas, such as object classification
and machine translation.

 Over the next few years, researchers improved its

performance across a range of tasks,
 History

 The second significant advancement in this period was

the development of generative model-based

reinforcement learning algorithms.

 Generative models can generate novel examples from a

given class, which helps learn complex behaviors from

very little data.

 For example, they can be used to learn how to control a

car from only 20 minutes of driving experience.

 History
In addition to these two advances, there have been several other

significant developments in AI over the past decade.

 There has been an increasing emphasis on using deep neural

networks for computer vision tasks, such as object recognition and

scene understanding.
 History
There has also been an increased focus on using machine

learning tools for natural language processing tasks such as

information extraction and question answering.

 Finally, there has been a growing interest in using these same

tools for speech recognition tasks like automatic speech

recognition (ASR) and speaker identification (SID).

Different fields under AI to clear common misconceptions

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the general term for being able to

make computers do things that require intelligence if done by

humans.

 AI can be broken down into two major fields,

 Machine Learning (ML) and Neural Networks (NN).

 Both are subfields under Artificial Intelligence, and each one has

its methods and algorithms to help solve problems.

Different fields under AI
Diagram
 Machine learning

Machine Learning (ML) makes computers learn from

data and experience to improve their performance on

some tasks or decision-making processes.

Machine learning uses algorithms to parse data, learn

from it, and make determinations without explicit

programming
 Machine learning

Machine learning algorithms are often categorized as

supervised or unsupervised.

Supervised algorithms can apply what has been learned in

the past to new data sets;

 unsupervised algorithms can draw inferences from

datasets.

Machine learning algorithms are designed to strive to

establish linear and non-linear relationships in a given set of

data.
 Deep learning

 Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses

multi-layered artificial neural networks to deliver state-of-

the-art accuracy in object detection, speech recognition and

language translation.

 Deep learning is a crucial technology behind driverless cars

and enables the machine analysis of large amounts of

complex data —

 for example, recognizing the faces of people who appear

in an image or video
 Neural networks

 Neural networks are inspired by biological neurons in the

human brain and are composed of layers of connected

nodes called “neurons”

 that contain mathematical functions to process incoming

data and predict an output value.

 Neural networks

 Artificial neural network learns by example, similarly to

how humans learn from our parents, teachers, and peers.

They consist of at least three layers:

 an input layer, hidden layers, and an output layer.

 Each layer contains nodes (also known as neurons)

which have weighted inputs that compute the output

 Scope of Artificial Intelligence

 Science and Research

 Cyber Security
 Data Analysis
 Transport
 Home Assistance
 Conclusion
 Advantages and Disadvantage of Artificial
Intelligence
Advantages of artificial Disadvantages of artificial

intelligence intelligence

1. It defines a more powerful and 1. The implementation cost of AI is

more useful computers very high.

2. The difficulties with software

development for AI implementation

are that the development of software

is slow and expensive. Few efficient

2. It introduces a new and programmers are available to develop

improved interface for human software to implement artificial

interaction. intelligence.

3. A robot is one of the

implementations of Artificial
 Advantages and Disadvantage of Artificial
Intelligence
Advantages of artificial intelligence Disadvantages of artificial intelligence

4. Machines can easily lead to destruction if

the implementation of machine put in the

4. It handles the information better wrong hands the results are hazardous for

than humans. human beings.

5. It is very helpful for the conversion

of information into knowledge.

6. It improves work effi ciency so

reduce the duration of time to

accomplish a task in comparison to

humans.
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

 1) Reduction in Human Error:The phrase

“human error” was born because humans make

mistakes from time to time. Computers, however,

do not make these mistakes if they are

programmed properly.

 2) Takes risks instead of Humans:We can

overcome many risky limitations of humans by

developing an AI Robot which in turn can do the

risky things for us

 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

3) Available 24x7:An Average human will work

for 4–6 hours a day excluding the breaks.

4) Helping in Repetitive Jobs:In our day-to-day

work, we will be performing many repetitive works

like sending a thanking mail, verifying certain

documents for errors and many more things.

 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

5) Digital Assistance:The digital assistants also

used in many websites to provide things that users

want. We can chat with them about what we are

looking for

6) Faster Decisions:Using AI alongside other

technologies we can make machines take decisions

faster than a human and carry out actions quicker

 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

7) Daily Applications:Daily applications such as

Apple’s Siri, Window’s Cortana, Google’s OK

Google are frequently used in our daily routine

whether it is for searching a location, taking a selfie,

making a phone call, replying to a mail and many more.

8) New Inventions:AI is powering many inventions in

almost every domain which will help humans solve the

majority of complex problems.

 Disadvantage of Artificial Intelligence

1) High Costs of Creation:As AI is updating

every day the hardware and software need to get

updated with time to meet the latest requirements

2) Making Humans Lazy:AI is making humans

lazy with its applications automating the majority of

the work.
 Disadvantage of Artificial Intelligence

3) Unemployment:As AI is replacing the majority

of the repetitive tasks and other works with

robots,human interference is becoming less which

will cause a major problem in the employment

standards.

4) No Emotions:There is no doubt that machines

are much better when it comes to working efficiently

but they cannot replace the human connection that

makes the team

 Disadvantage of Artificial Intelligence

5) Lacking Out of Box Thinking:

Machines can perform only those tasks which they

are designed or programmed to do, anything out of

that they tend to crash or give irrelevant outputs

which could be a major backdrop.

 Types of Artificial Intelligence

There are 3 types of artificial Intelligence that are

following:-

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence(ANI):

2. Artificial General Intelligence(AGI):

3. Artificial Super Intelligence(ASI):

 Artificial Narrow Intelligence(ANI):
 Artificial Narrow Intelligence(ANI): The only sort of artificial

intelligence we have effectively generated yet is artificial narrow

intelligence (ANI), often known as weak AI or narrow AI.

 Narrow AI is goal-oriented, designed to accomplish a single task

– such as facial recognition, speech recognition/voice assistants,

driving a car, or surfing the internet – and is extremely competent

at fulfilling the objective.

 Artificial General Intelligence(AGI)

 Artificial General Intelligence(AGI): Artificial general

intelligence (AGI), also known as strong AI or deep AI, is

the idea of a machine with general intelligence that can

learn and apply its intelligence to solve any problem.

 In every given context, AGI can think, understand, and

act in a manner that is indistinguishable from that of a

human.
 Artificial Super Intelligence(ASI)
 Artificial Super Intelligence(ASI): Artificial super

intelligence (ASI) is a hypothetical AI that does more than

mimic or understands human intelligence and behavior;

 ASI is when computers become self-aware and exceed

human intelligence and ability.

 Natural intelligence vs. artificial intelligence

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the designing of

Intelligent or smart system which has the ability to

perform accurate learning, reasoning and perception

of the surrounding actions to produce maximum

success whereas Natural Intelligence or we can

say Human Intelligence is the quality of the mind

which has the ability to learn from past experience or

situations we are currently facing to provide several

kinds of information through that gained knowledge.

 Natural intelligence vs. artificial intelligence

 Artificial and Natural Intelligence are:

• Artificial Intelligence machines are designed to

perform few specific tasks while consuming some

energy whereas in Natural Intelligence, human

can learn hundred of different skills during life.

 Natural intelligence vs. artificial intelligence

 Artificial and Natural Intelligence are:

• The time needed to teach each and every system is

considerably high as compared to human who can

work on multiple responsibilities at the same time.

• Machines use Humans use built-in instructions

whereas humans use content memory and thinking

process.

• AI is basically a computer system or machine whereas

Human brain are Analogue.

What is artificial intelligence in computer

 Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human

intelligence processes by machines, especially

computer systems.

 Specific applications of AI include expert systems,

natural language processing, speech recognition and

machine vision.
 What is Traditional Computing

 Traditional Computing, as name suggests, is a possess

of using physical data centers for storing digital

assets and running complete networking system for

daily operations.

 In this, access to data, or software, or storage by users is

limited to device or official network they are connected

with