STATISTICS

Understanding
Mean, Median, and
Mode
Presented by:Arjay R. Santos
12-Benevolence
Today we will...
Today we will...
Define the terms statistics and data.
Today we will...
Define the terms statistics and data.

Define the concepts of mean, median and mode.

Today we will...
Define the terms statistics and data.

Define the concepts of mean, median and mode.

Finding the mean, median, mode of ungrouped and grouped data.

 What is your
understanding of
the word
statistics?
STATISTICS
STATISTICS
It is a branch of mathematics that deals
with collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting data.
STATISTICS
It is a branch of mathematics that deals
with collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting data.

Statistics helps in gathering information,

understanding patterns, and making
inferences about the world around us.
DATA
DATA
Refers to any facts or figures that are
collated with the intention of being
presented, interpreted, and analyzed.
Data may be:
 Data may be:

Qualitative
 Data may be:

Qualitative
Data that describes
characteristics or
qualities.
 Data may be:

Qualitative
Data that describes
characteristics or
qualities.

Usually deals with

language
 Data may be:

Qualitative Quantitative
Data that describes
characteristics or
qualities.

Usually deals with

language
 Data may be:

Qualitative Quantitative
Data that describes Data that is
characteristics or quantified or
qualities. measured.

Usually deals with

language
 Data may be:

Qualitative Quantitative
Data that describes Data that is
characteristics or quantified or
qualities. measured.

Usually deals with Usually deals with

language numbers.
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
is a specific method for analyzing
quantitative research data.
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
is a specific method for analyzing
quantitative research data.

In statistics, it is important to find the

mean, median, and mode.
In a Nutshell:
In a Nutshell:
Mean
The average of a data set.
In a Nutshell:
Mean
The average of a data set.

Median
The middle value in a set of data.
In a Nutshell:
Mean
The average of a data set.

Median
The middle value in a set of data.

Mode
The most common number in a set of data.
For Example
There are 4 boys in a 9th-grade class. Find the
mean, median, and the mode of using this set of
data:

BOYS HEIGHT IN CM
Luke 176
Mike 178
Ian 178
Connor 189
 Formula for finding
the Mean
Sum of Observations
Mean =
Total Number of Observations
To find the Mean:
Add all values in the data set.

Divide by the number of values in the set.

 In this example this would
To find the Mean: be:

176 + 178 + 178 + 189

Add all values in the data set.
= 721
Divide by the number of values in the set.
 In this example this would
To find the Mean: be:

176 + 178 + 178 + 189

Add all values in the data set.
= 721
Divide by the number of values in the set.

The mean, then, is

180.25 cm.
 Formula for finding
the Median
NOTE: There are different formulas for odd and even
numbers.

If 'n' is If 'n' is
odd: even:

term + term
Median term Median
= =
2

Wherein n= number of
observations
To find the
Median:
You simply arrange all numbers in ascending
order
Determine the number in the middle.
 In this example, however,
since it is an even number,
there are two numbers in the

To find the middle.

Median:
You simply arrange all numbers in ascending
order
176, 178, 178, 189

Determine the number in the middle.

 In this example, however,
since it is an even number,
there are two numbers in the

To find the middle.

Median:
You simply arrange all numbers in ascending
order
176, 178, 178, 189
If you have an even number,
you take the average of these
Determine the number in the middle. numbers.

The median in this

example is 178 as well.
 Formula for finding the
Mode
Mode = L + h

Where:
'L' - Lower limit of the modal class ' ' - frequency of the class preceding
'h' - Size of the class interval the modal class

' ' - frequency of the modal class ' ' - frequency of the class
succeeding
the modal class
To find the Mode:
Arrange all numbers in ascending order

The number that appears most often is

referred to as the mode.
To find the Mode:
In this example this would
be:

Arrange all numbers in ascending order 176, 178, 178, 189

The number that appears most often is

referred to as the mode.
To find the Mode:
In this example this would
be:

Arrange all numbers in ascending order 176, 178, 178, 189

It is easy to see that the
The number that appears most often is mode is 178,
referred to as the mode. as it is the only one that
occurs twice.
Sample problem
A teacher recorded the scores of 12 students on
a math quiz. The scores are as follows: 5, 12, 8,
15, 10, 8, 6, 14, 10, 8, 7, 11.

Give the mean, median, and mode.

Solutio
n
 Solutio
niven scores:
G

5, 12, 8, 15, 10, 8, 6, 14, 10, 8, 7, 11

 Solutio
niven scores:
G

5, 12, 8, 15, 10, 8, 6, 14, 10, 8, 7, 11

Arranged in Order:

5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

Solutio
n
 Solutio
Mean =
n Sum of Scores
Total Number of Observations
 Solutio
Mean =
n Sum of Scores
Total Number of Observations

Mean = 5+6+7+8+8+8+10+10+11+12+14+1
12
5
Solutio
n
Solutio
nMean = 114
12
Solutio
nMean = 114
12

Mean = 9.5
Solutio
n
 Solutio
Median
nterm + term

=
2
 Solutio
Median
n term + term

=
2

6th term + 7th term

Median
=
2
 Solutio
n
Arranged in Order:

5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

 Solutio
n
Arranged in Order:

5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

6th and 7th

term
Solutio
nMedian =8+10
2
Solutio
nMedian =8+10
2

Median =
9
Solutio
n
 Solutio
n
5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15
 Solutio
n10 occurs 2 times
5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

8 occurs 3 times
Solutio
n
The Mode is 8.
Here's an easy way to
remember--
 Here's an easy way to
remember--

The Mean
is the
average.
 Here's an easy way to
remember--

The Mean The Median

is the is the middle.
average.
 Here's an easy way to
remember--

The Median The Mode

The Mean
is the middle. shows up
is the
the most.
average.
Now that we know how to find the
mean, median, and mode, we will
apply these concepts
to more complex problems.
Sample Problem
Consider the marks of 38 students of class A
obtained in an examination. The maximum
marks of the exam are 50.

11, 42, 29, 44, 26, 21, 33, 45, 25, 14, 24, 36, 34,
28, 30, 31, 28, 22, 34, 35, 15, 29, 38, 39, 40, 37,
40, 39, 39, 30, 41, 12, 45, 18, 23, 50, 46, 41

The teacher wants you to analyze the class

scores by giving the mean, median, and mode.
What if the data is
large? Would you
still do this
manually?
 Frequency Distribution
Table
Ungrouped Data refers to raw data points that are listed individually
without any categorization or summarization into class intervals.

Grouped Data refers to data that is organized into classes or

intervals, rather than being listed as individual data points. This
helps summarize large datasets.

A Frequency Distribution Table is a tabular representation that

displays the frequency of different values or ranges (class intervals)
in a dataset. It organizes data by showing how often each value or
range occurs, making it easier to understand the distribution of data
points.
 Frequency Distribution
Table
Ungrouped Data
11, 42, 29, 44, 26, 21, 33, 45, 25, 14, 24, 36, 34, 28, 30, 31, 28, 22, 34, 35,
15, 29, 38, 39, 40, 37, 40, 39, 39, 30, 41, 12, 45, 18, 23, 50, 46, 41

Grouped Data
 TERMS
• Class Interval: A range of values that defines a
grouping of data points. For example, 10-20 is
a class interval that includes all values from 10
to just below 20.

• Frequency (f) is the number of occurrences of

data points within a specific class interval in a
grouped data set.

• Cumulative Frequency is a running total of

frequencies up to a certain class interval. It
helps in determining the median and
understanding the distribution of data.

• Total Frequency (N) is the sum of all

frequencies in the frequency distribution,
representing the total number of observations.
Class Interval
Frequency
 5 = 5
5+10 = 15 Cumulative Frequency
15+10 = 30
30+8 = 38
Total Frequency/Total Number
of observation
 TERMS
• Class Limit refers to the upper and lower boundaries of a class interval; for example, in
the interval 10-20, the lower limit is 10 and the upper limit is 20.

• Class Boundaries: The real limits of a class interval, used to avoid gaps between
intervals. For example, the class interval 10-20 has class boundaries of 9.5 and 20.5.

• Class size is the difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of a class
interval. It is also known as class width. It is used in calculations involving the median
and mode.

• Classmark is defined as the average value or mid-point value of a given interval in a

frequency distribution. Classmark is also called class midpoint. Used in calculation
mean.
11-20 --> 11 (lower limit), 20 (upper limit)
21-30 --> 21 (lower limit), 30 (upper limit)
...
 Lower limit - 0.5 = Lower bound
Upper limit + 0.5 = Upper bound
 Formula 1 Formula 2
Upper limit - lower limit + 1 = Class Upper bound - lower bound = Class width
width 20.5 - 10.5 = 10
20 - 11 + 1 = 10
 (11+20)/2 = 15.5 Classmark
Average of lower and (21+30)/2 = 25.5
upper class limit (31+40)/2 = 35.5
(41+50)/2 = 45.5
How does the formula
work?
How does the formula
work? Σ (f ⋅ x)
Mean
= N
How does the formula
work? Σ (f ⋅ x)
Mean
= N

f = Frequency of each class interval.

x = The midpoint (class mark) of each
class interval.
N = Total frequency.
How does the formula
work? Σ (f ⋅ x) Explanation

Mean Since you’re not

aware of the exact
= N values within the
class intervals, you
should calculate the
f = Frequency of each class interval. average for each
x = The midpoint (class mark) of each interval and then
class interval. multiply it by the
N = Total frequency. number of students
in that interval.
 Solution

Σ (f ⋅ x)
Mean
= N
 Solution

Σ (f ⋅ x) 1229
Mean =
= N 38
 Solution

Σ (f ⋅ x) 1229
Mean = ≈
= N 38 32.34
 Solution

Σ (f ⋅ x) 1229
Mean = ≈
= N 38 32.34
How does the formula
work?
How does the formula
work? -C
N

( )
2
Median = L + h
f
How does the formula
work? -C
N

( )
2
Median = L + h
f

L = lower boundary of the median class

N = total frequency
C = cumulative frequency of the class
preceding the median class
f = frequency of the median class
h = class width (size of the class interval)
How does the formula
Explanation

work? -C
N
1.Sum all the frequencies in the

( )
2
frequency column.
Median = L + h 2.Divide the total frequency by 2.
f This gives you the halfway point in
the dataset.
3.Locate the Median Class:
L = lower boundary of the median class 4.Look at the cumulative frequency
N = total frequency column.
C = cumulative frequency of the class 5.Identify the first class interval
preceding the median class where the cumulative frequency is
f = frequency of the median class equal to or exceeds N/2​. This class
h = class width (size of the class interval) interval is called the median class.
6.Fill in the other variables.
 How does the formula
work? -C
N

( )
2
Median = L + h
f

Dividing the Total Frequency by 2 can assist In this problem, dividing 38 by 2

in finding the median for both ungrouped and gives us 19, which indicates that
grouped data. Cumulative frequency allows the median class falls within the
you to determine which class interval class interval of 31-40.
contains the median.
Solution
Solution

Median Class
Solution

L = 30.5
N = 38
C = 15
f = 15
h = 10
 Solution

N
-C
( )
2
Median = L + h
f
 Solution
38
- 15
( )
2
Median = 30.5+ 10
15
 Solution
38
- 15
( )
2
Median = 30.5+ 10
15
19 - 15
Median = 30.5+
( 15
) 10
 Solution
38
- 15
( )
2
Median = 30.5+ 10
15
19 - 15
Median = 30.5+
( 15
) 10

4
Median = 30.5+
( 15
) 10
 Solution

Median = 30.5 + 2.67

 Solution

Median = 30.5 + 2.67

Median ≈ 33.17
How does the formula
work?
 How does the formula
work? f - f
( )
1 0

Mode = L + h
2f 1 - f 0 - f 2
 How does the formula
work? f - f
( )
1 0

Mode = L + h
2f 1 - f 0 - f 2
L = Lower boundary of the modal class
f 1 = Frequency of the modal class
​f = Frequency of the class before the
modal class
0
f = Frequency of the class after the modal
2 class
h = Class width
 How does the formula
work? f - f
Explanation

( )
1 0

Mode = L + h 1. Finding the difference

between the frequency of the
2f 1 - f 0 - f 2 modal class and the preceding
L = Lower boundary of the modal class class.
f 1 = Frequency of the modal class 2. Dividing this by the
​f = Frequency of the class before the difference between twice the
modal class modal class frequency and the
0
f = Frequency of the class after the modal frequencies of the surrounding
class classes.
2
h = Class width 3. Multiplying by the class
width and adding the lower
boundary to determine the
How does the formula
work?
These steps are taken to correctly approximate the mode in grouped
data by first making an assessment of proportional difference between
the frequency of the modal class and the preceding class that signifies
the prominence of the modal class. This tends to correct for the
steepness of frequency changes around the modal class so the mode
actually reflects the highest point in the distribution rather than just a
frequency count. Multiplying class width into the calculation makes it
approximate to the spread out of the data itself, and adding the lower
boundary locates the mode properly inside that modal class. All of these
steps help to consolidate the mode calculation in terms of accuracy and
relevance.
How does the formula
work? Locating Modal Class
To find the modal group, check the frequency column and identify the
class interval with the highest frequency. This interval is your modal
class. If more than one class shares the highest frequency, all of them
are considered modal classes.
 Solution

L = Lower boundary of the modal class

f = Frequency of the modal class
1
​f = Frequency of the class before the modal class
f 0 = Frequency of the class after the modal class
2
h = Class width
Solution
 Solution

f1- f
( )
0

Mode = L + h
2f 1 - f 0 - f 2
 Solution
f1- f
( )
0

Mode = L + h
2f 1 - f 0 - f 2
 Solution
f1- f
( )
0

Mode = L + h
2f 1 - f 0 - f 2
15 - 10
Mode = 30.5 +
( 2(15) - 10 - 8 ) 10
 Solution
f1- f
( )
0

Mode = L + h
2f 1 - f 0 - f 2
15 - 10
Mode = 30.5 +
( 2(15) - 10 - 8 ) 10

5
Mode = 30.5 +
( 12
) 10
 Solution

Mode = 30.5 +
4.17
 Solution

Mode = 30.5 +
4.17

Mode ≈ 34.67
This concludes our lesson. If you
have any question, feel free to
ask.
This concludes our lesson. If you
have any question, feel free to
ask.
Thank you for
listening!
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