Data

analysis
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
CONTENT ANALYSIS

 Content analysis is a research tool

used to determine the presence of
certain words, themes, or concepts
within some given qualitative data
(i.e. text). Using content analysis,
researchers can quantify and analyze
the presence, meanings, and
relationships of such certain words,
themes, or concepts.
THEMATIC ANALYSIS
 Thematic analysis is a method for
analyzing qualitative data that
involves reading through a set of
data and looking for patterns in the
meaning of the data to find themes.
It is an active process of reflexivity in
which the researcher's subjective
experience is at the center of making
sense of the data.
Codes and Coding
 All methods of thematic analysis assume some
amount of coding (not to be confused with writing
a program in a programming language).
 A code is a word or phrase that acts as a label for
a segment of text.

Code Types: Codes can be

1. Descriptive: They describe what the data is
about.
2. Interpretive: They are an analytical reading of the
data, adding the researcher’s interpretive lens to
Codes and Coding
 A code describes what the text is about and is a
shorthand for more complicated information. (A
good analogy is that a code describes data like a
keyword describes an article or like a hashtag
describes a tweet.) Often, qualitative researchers
will not only have a name for each code but will
also have a description of what the code means
and examples of text that fit or don’t fit the code.
These descriptions and examples are especially
useful if more than one person is responsible for
coding the data or if coding is done over a longer
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
 Discourse analysis is a research
method that is used for the purpose of
studying written or spoken language
in relation to its social context. It
seeks to understand how language is
used in real-life situations. It is used
to describe a range of approaches to
analyzing written and spoken
language use beyond the technical
pieces of language, like words and
Types of Discourse
Analysis
 You can divide discourse analysis into two
approaches: language-in-use (or socially situated
text and talk) and sociopolitical.

 The language-in-use approach concentrates on the

micro dimensions of language, grammatical
structures, and the manner in which these
features interplay within a social context.
Types of Discourse
Analysis
 An example of the socio-political approach would
be critical discourse analysis (CDA). Critical
Discourse Analysis concentrates on social
problems, particularly on the role of discourse in
the production and reproduction of power abuse
or domination. It sets up a relationship between
language and power and is fundamentally
concerned with the analysis of opaque and
transparent structural relationships of dominance,
discrimination, power, and control as they are
What are the
advantages of
discourse analysis?
The most significant advantages of discourse
analysis are:
 It assists researchers in uncovering the motivation
behind a text by making it possible for them to
view a problem from a higher stance.
 It is helpful for studying the underlying meaning
of a spoken or written text as it considers the
social and historical contexts.
 It aids in understanding the function of language
and how discourse can be used to spur and
What are the disadvantages
of discourse analysis?

The main disadvantages of discourse analysis

are:
 Since there are various approaches to
discourse analysis, it might be hard to choose
the most appropriate approach for a specific
setting.
 Discourse analysis can be a time-consuming
task.
 Some say that it is no more than a
How to conduct discourse
analysis?

Conducting discourse analysis is a qualitative

and interpretive way of analyzing texts.
Interpretations are made based on the details of
the material itself as well as on contextual
knowledge.

There are several approaches and techniques

that could be used to conduct discourse
analysis. Here are the basic steps involved in
How to conduct discourse
analysis?
1. Define the research question and select
the content of analysis
You have to start with a clearly defined research
question. After defining your research question, you
need to choose a range of material that is most
appropriate to answer it.

You can apply discourse analysis to large as well as

smaller samples of data. The size of the sample
depends on the aims and the timescale of your
How to conduct discourse
analysis?
2. Gather information and theory on the
context
You now need to establish the social and historical context
in which the material was produced and intended to be
received. Collect the factual details of when and where the
content was produced, who the author is, who published it,
and whom the content was disseminated to.

In addition to understanding the real-life context of the

discourse, you could even conduct a literature review on
the topic and construct a theoretical framework that would
How to conduct discourse
analysis?

3. Analyze the content for themes and

patterns

Now you have to closely and carefully examine

various elements of the material like words,
sentences, paragraphs, and overall structure and
relate them to attributes, themes, and patterns
that are relevant to your research question.
How to conduct discourse
analysis?

4. Review your results and draw

conclusions

After you finish assigning particular attributes to

elements of the material, you should reflect on
your results to examine the function and meaning
of the language used. Considering your analysis
in relation to the broader context that you
established earlier will allow you to ​draw
Document ANALYSIS

 Document analysis is a
qualitative research technique
used by researchers . The
process involves evaluating
electronic and physical
documents to interpret them,
gain an understanding of their
meaning and develop upon the
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS

 Narrative analysis refers to a

cluster of analytic methods for
interpreting texts or visual data
that have a storied form. A
common assumption of narrative
methods is that people tell
stories to help organize and
make sense of their lives and
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
SHORT QUIZ
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

1. When a researcher needs to

gather information from a limited
number of participants where
he/she can get rich information,
what DGP is most appropriate?
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

2. When a researcher needs to

gather information from a large
number of participants where
he/she can get specific
information, what DGP is most
appropriate?
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

3. When a researcher needs to

gather information through actual
viewing of practices or concepts in
a particular group using checklist,
what DGP is most appropriate?
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

4. When a researcher needs to

gather information from
manuscripts where he/she can get
accurate and specific information,
what DGP is most appropriate?
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

5. When a researcher needs to

gather information from a group
of participants with common
conditions/situations where
he/she can get varied and rich
information, what DGP is most
appropriate?
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

6. When a researcher needs to

analyze data using manuscripts
available for the study, what data
analysis is most appropriate?
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

7. When a researcher needs to

analyze data using recorded
communications, conversations or
speeches relevant to the research
questions of the study, what data
analysis is most appropriate?
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

8. When a researcher needs to

analyze data through stories and
human experiences relevant to
the research questions of the
study, what data analysis is most
appropriate?
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

9. When a researcher needs to

analyze data using the exact
transcriptions and/or relevant
theory anchored to the
participants’ responses as its
context to find patterns and
themes, what data analysis is
Coverage: DGP & Data
Analysis

10. When a researcher needs to

analyze data using the
participants’ responses as in
finding patterns through coding
and surfacing themes to address
research questions, what data
analysis is most appropriate?