Statistics and

Probability
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

LESSON: 5

RANDOM SAMPLING
 E S :
CT I V
O B J E

1. illustrate random sampling;

2. analyze problems in using random
sampling; and
3. integrate random sampling in real-
life situations
Random Sampling
A researcher always wishes to achieve unbiased
results in his or her study. One of the best ways to
fulfill this is through the use of random sampling.
 Types of Random Sampling

1.Simple Random Sampling

(SRS)
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Cluster or Area Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
The most basic sampling technique
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being
chosen to be part of the sample
Table of Random Numbers- a table contains rows and columns
of mechanically generated digits.
Lottery Method- the numbers are written on pieces of paper
with identical size and shape. These pieces of paper are then
folded and placed in a bowl or box where they are thoroughly
mixed together.
Simple Random Sampling without Replacement – All the element
bearing the numbers picked by the researcher become elements
of the sample.
Simple Random Sampling with Replacement- it involves returning
the selected piece of paper to the box or bowl after it was noted,
and the next sample is drawn again from the same number of
population.
Use the Slovin’s Formula in getting the samples needed from the
population:
where number of samples needed
population size
Example 1. A researcher wants to study the effects of social
media on Grade 11 students in Notre Dame. He wishes to use the
simple random sampling technique in choosing the members of
his sample. If there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school,
how many students should there be in his sample?
Solution
Step 1. Determine the number of students that should be in the
sample. Use the as follows:

Step 2. Assign a number to each member of the population. In

this, problem, assign a number to each of the 1,000 students.
Step 3. Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size
and shape. Fold the pieces of paper.
Step 4. Put all the folded pieces of paper with the same size and
shape. Fold the pieces of paper.
Step 5. Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces from
the bowl or box.
2. Systematic Sampling
A random sampling technique in which
every th element of the population is
selected until the desired number of
elements in the sample is obtained.

sample interval

sample size
Example 2. In a group of 250 students, how will you select a
sample containing 71 students by using the systematic sampling
technique?
Solution
Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250
students.
Step 2: Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.
Step 3: Find the sampling interval Divide the population size 250
by the sample size 71.

Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and

by simple random technique. The numbers that are between 0 and
are 1, 2, 3, and 4. This chosen value is called as the random start.
Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as
the starting number.
Step 6: Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting
from the 2nd student.
3. Stratified Sampling
The population is partitioned into several
subgroups called strata, based on some
characteristics like year level, gender, age,
ethnicity, etc.
Example 3. Marcela, a Statistics student,
wants to determine who care more about
their physical appearances, the male, or
the female students. She wants to limit
her study to the Grade 10 students. There
are unequal numbers of Grade 10
students: 340 are male and 500 are
female. She wants her sample to consist
only of 50 students. She chooses the
members of her sample using stratified
sampling technique.
 Solution
Subdivide the Grade 10 students into two
subgroups using gender. Divide the number of students
per gender by the total number of students, and then,
multiply the resulting quotient by 50. The computations
are shown below.
Number of
Population students Per Sample
Stratum
Male 340 20
Female 500 30
Total 840 50

Compute the sample size in each gender group:

Male:
Female:
4. Cluster or Area Sampling
Is a random sampling technique in which the
entire population is broken into small groups,
or clusters and then, some of the clusters are
randomly selected.
The data from the randomly selected clusters
are the ones that are analyzed.
Example 4. A researcher wants to determine
who among the families in a small town are
using the new detergent product. How is she
going to do this using the cluster sampling
technique?
Solution
Step 1. Divide the population into clusters.
Use barrios as clusters.
Step 2. Not all the barrios of the town will be
included in the sample. Choose the final
barrios by using either the simple random
sampling or a systematic sampling technique.
Step 3. Not all the families in each selected
barrio will be included in the study. Select the
final families to be included in the sample by
Activity: Identify the type of sampling technique used by
the researcher in each of the following situations: simple
random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified
random sampling, or cluster random sampling. Write your
answers on a 1 whole pad paper. (2 points each)

1. The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500 Grade 10

students. The researcher selected every 20th name on the list.
2. In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the
subjects of the study were selected by using the Table of
Random Numbers.
3. A researcher interviewed people from each town in the
province of Albay for his research on population.
4. A researcher is doing a research work on the students’ reaction
to the newly implemented curriculum in mathematics and
interviewed every 10th student entering the gate of the school.
5. A researcher who is studying the effects of the educational
attainment on promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly
selected workers from each of these categories: high school
graduate, with undergraduate degrees, with master’s degree,
Assessment: TRUE or FALSE. Write your answers on a 1
whole pad paper. (2 points each)

1. In simple random sampling, every member of the population

has the same chance of being selected for inclusion in the
sample.
2. The systematic sampling technique is the most basic type of
sampling technique.
3. Cluster sampling involves the selection of every element in
the population until the desired number of elements in the
sample is obtained.
4. Stratified sampling is a sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into strata and then samples are
randomly selected separately from each stratum.
5. A systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which a list
of elements of the population is used as a sampling frame and
the elements to be included in the desired sample are
selected by skipping through the list at regular intervals.
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

LESSON: 6
PARAMETER AND
STATISTIC
 E S :
CT I V
O B J E

1. distinguish between parameter and statistic;

2. analyze problems involving parameter and
statistic; and
3. integrate parameter and statistic in real-life
problems.
A parameter is a measure that describes a population.
Parameters are usually denoted by Greek letters.
Population mean , population variance , and population
standard deviation are examples of parameters. On the
other hand, a statistic is a measure that describes a
sample. Statistics are usually denoted by Roman
letters. Examples are sample mean , sample variance ,
and sample standard deviation .
 Examples of Parameter:

1. The mathematics department consists

of 10 male teachers, 12 female
teachers, and one department head.

2. Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons.

 Examples of parameters:
•10% of US senators voted for a
particular measure. There are only 100
US Senators, you can count what every
single one of them voted.
•40% of 1,211 students at a particular
elementary school got below a 3 on a
standardized test. You know this
because you have each and every
students’ test score.
•33% of 120 workers at a particular bike
factory were paid less than $20,000 per
year. You have the payroll data for all of
 Examples of Statistic:

1. Twenty-five people were randomly selected by a

researcher. They will take part in a research study on
cleanliness.

2. The Statistics teacher randomly selected 35

questions from previous questions to be given in the
coming second periodic examination.
The population mean is the measure of the
entire population. It is represented by the Greek
letter mu and is computed using the formula:

where:
 Examples of statistics:

•60% of US residents agree with the latest health

care proposal. It’s not possible to actually ask
hundreds of millions of people whether they
agree. Researchers have to just take samples
and calculate the rest.
•45% of Jacksonville, Florida residents report that
they have been to at least one Jaguars game. It’s
very doubtful that anyone polled in excess of a
million people for this data. They took a sample,
so they have a statistic.
•30% of dog owners poop scoop after their dog.
It’s impossible to survey all dog owners—no one
keeps an accurate track of exactly how many
people own dogs. This data had to be from a
Activity: Tell whether the given value is a statistic or a
parameter. (2 POINTS EACH)
1. The city of Manila is politically divided into 6 legislative
districts.
2. The Philippines consists of 7,107 islands.
3. Fifty students who were randomly selected will
participate in a study on the effects of using calculators in
learning mathematics.
4. In a study concerning the economic status of employees
in a certain company, a researcher randomly selected 45
employees.
5. Based on a sample of 900 elementary students, it was
found out that 30% of them could not do long division.
Assessment: The following are the scores of 8 randomly
selected students in Grade 11:
7, 8, 12, 15, 10, 11, 9, and 14. (20 POINTS)
Compute the following:
a. Sample Mean
b. Sample Variance
c. Sample Standard Deviation
1 7 14.0625
2 8 ______ 7.5625
3 12 ______ ______
4 15 4.25 ______
5 10 ______
6 11 ______ 0.0625
7 9 ______ ______
8 14 ______ ______