VICTORIAS NATIONAL HIGH

SCHOOL
2nd Semester
S.Y. 2024-2025

Prepared by: Teacher Ma.

Roda Serie
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
 GRADING SYSTEM:
Written Works: 25
%
Performance Tasks: 50 %
EXAM
25%
Total:
100 %
WEEK 1 TOPIC :
RANDOM
VARIABLES
OBJECTIV
ES:
1. Illustrates a random variable
(discrete and continuous);
2. Distinguishes between a
discrete and a continuous random
variable; and
3. Illustrates a probability
distribution for a discrete random
variable and continuous random
variable.
 DEFINITION:
The word statistics means different things to different people. To a college student, statistics
are scores on all quizzes, seatwork, assignments, and recitations made in his subject.
 Random Variable
A random variable is a variable that assumes
numerical values associated with the random
outcomes of an experiment, where one (and
only one) numerical value is assigned to each
sample point.
Statistics is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the
collection, organization or presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
Terminologies in Statistics
1. Population refers to a large collection of objects, places, or
things.
2. Sample is a small portion or part of a population. It could also
be defined as a sub-group, subset, or representative of a
population.
3. Parameter is any numerical or nominal characteristics of a
population.
4. Statistic is an estimate of a parameter. It is a value or
measurement obtained from the sample.
5. Data – (singular form is datum) are facts, or a set of information or
observation under study.
Qualitative data are data which can assume values that manifest
the concepts of attributes.
Quantitative Data are data which are numerical in nature. These are
data obtained from counting or measuring.
6. A Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample
which makes the members different from each other.
Discrete Variable is one that can assume a finite number of values.
Continuous variable is one that can assume infinite values within a
specified interval.
Dependent variable is a variable which is affected or influenced by
another variable.
Independent Variable is one in which affects or influences the
dependent variable.
7. Constant refers to the fundamental quantities that do not change in
value, fixed costs, and acceleration due to gravity are examples of such.
 Scales of Measurement

Nominal Scale This is the most

primitive level of measurement.
Ordinal scale In the ordinal level of
measurement, data are arranged in
some specified order or rank.
Interval Scale The scores in an
examination are of interval scale of
measurement.
Ratio Scale There is always the
presence of units of measure.
Classification of Variables
A random variable is a variable whose possible values are
determined by chance. A random variable is typically represented
by an uppercase letter, usually , while its corresponding lowercase
letter in this case, , is used to represent one of its values. For
example, a coin is tossed twice. Let the variable represent the
number of heads that result from this experiment.
In the illustration, random variable is
represented by the same upper-case . the
lower-case represents the specific
values. Hence, .
The sample space for the possible
outcomes is: . The value of the variable
can be 0,1, or 2. Then, in this example, is
a random variable.
Random variables can either be
discrete or continuous.
A discrete random variable can only take a finite (countable)
number of distinct values. Distinct values mean values that are
exact and can be represented by nonnegative whole
numbers.

Examples:
Let X= number of students randomly selected to be interviewed
by a researcher.
Let Y= number of women randomly selected in a political rally.
Let Z= number of left-handed teachers randomly selected in a
faculty room.
These are discrete random variables because its possible
values are 0,1, or 2, and so on.
Discrete Random Variable Examples

Experiment Random Possible

Variable Values
Make 100 Sales Calls # Sales 0, 1, 2, ..., 100

Inspect 70 Radios # Defective 0, 1, 2, ..., 70

Answer 33 Questions # Correct 0, 1, 2, ..., 33

Count Cars at Toll # Cars 0, 1, 2, ..., ∞

Between 11:00 & 1:00 Arriving
 Requirements for the
Probability Distribution of a Discrete
Random Variable x

1. p(x) ≥ 0 for all values of x

2.  p(x) = 1

where the summation of p(x) is over all

possible
values of x.
 Discrete Probability Distribution
Example
Experiment: Toss 2 coins. Count number of
tails.
Probability Distribution
Values, x Probabilities, p(x)
0 1/4 = .25
1 2/4 = .50
2 1/4 = .25
A continuous random variable can assume an infinite
number of values in an interval between two specific values.
This means they can assume values that can be represented
not only by nonnegative whole numbers but also by
fractions and decimals. These are values are often results of
measurement.

Examples:
Let X= the weights of randomly selected students in
kilograms. This is a continuous random variable
because the weights of students can range from 60-
61 kg including all the decimal places that come
between these values.
Let Y= the hourly temperatures last Sunday.
Let Z= the heights of daisy plants in the backyard.
 Continuous Random Variable
Examples

Experiment Random Possible

Variable Values
Weigh 100 People Weight 45.1, 78, ...
Measure Part Life Hours 900, 875.9, ...
Amount spent on food $ amount 54.12, 42, ...
Measure Time Inter-Arrival 0, 1.3, 2.78, ...
Between Arrivals Time
 Activity: Classify the following
random variables as discrete or
continuous. (2 POINTS EACH)
1. the number of mobile phones sold in one week in AB
store.
2. the weights in pounds of newly born babies in a
hospital nursery
3. the number of cars in a parking lot every noon
4. the number of gifts received by a birthday celebrator
5. the length of time spent in playing video games in
minutes
 Assessment: Identify if the following are discrete
probability distributions satisfy the 2 properties. Write
YES if it satisfies, otherwise DOES NOT. (2 POINTS
EACH)
 WEEK 2 TOPIC :
MEAN,
VARIANCE, AND
STANDARD
DEVIATION OF A
DISCRETE
RANDOM
VARIABLE
OBJECTIV
ES:
1. illustrate the mean, variance, and
standard deviation of a discrete
random variables; and
2. 2. calculate the mean, variance, and
standard deviation of a discrete
random variable.
MEAN
The mean of a discrete random variable is also called the
expected value of It is the weighted average of all the values that the
random variable would assume in the long run. The expected value of is
the average of the outcomes that is likely to be obtained if the trials are
repeated over and over again.

The mean or expected value of a discrete random variable

is computed using the following formula:

where discrete random variable

outcome or value of the random variable
probability of the outcome
VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
The variance of a random variable is denoted by It can likewise be written as
The variance of a random variable is the expected value of the square of the difference
between the assumed value of random variable and the mean. The variance of is:

where
outcome
population mean
probability of the outcome
The larger the value of the variance, the farther are the values of from the
mean. The variance is tricky to interpret, since it uses the square of the unit of measure of
So, it is easier to interpret the value of the standard deviation because it uses the same
unit of measure of
The standard deviation of a discrete random variable is written as It is the
square root of the variance. The standard deviation is computed as:
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU & GOD
BLESS EVERYONE!