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Lec12-07-08-10-2020-Sampling Theorem

This document discusses the principles of sampling in analog and digital communication, emphasizing the importance of the sampling theorem, which states that a signal must be sampled at a rate greater than or equal to twice its maximum frequency to avoid information loss. It covers different types of sampling techniques, including impulse, natural, and flat top sampling, and addresses the aliasing effect that occurs when signals are sampled below the Nyquist rate. The document also explains the mathematical foundations of sampling and the significance of sampling frequency and rate.

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17 views16 pages

Lec12-07-08-10-2020-Sampling Theorem

This document discusses the principles of sampling in analog and digital communication, emphasizing the importance of the sampling theorem, which states that a signal must be sampled at a rate greater than or equal to twice its maximum frequency to avoid information loss. It covers different types of sampling techniques, including impulse, natural, and flat top sampling, and addresses the aliasing effect that occurs when signals are sampled below the Nyquist rate. The document also explains the mathematical foundations of sampling and the significance of sampling frequency and rate.

Uploaded by

hazrashilpita29
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE- 12

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION


PAPER CODE- EI 502

Sampling of Analog Signals and related Theorem

SANTANA DAS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
APPLIED ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Topics:-

• Sampling theorem
• Sampling rate
• Sampling
• Natural & flat topped sampling
Sampling theorem:-
⮚ Basic Need for Sampling:-

Analog signals those are transmitted by a digital communication system are converted to digital form by
sampling the analog waveforms uniformly at discrete instants in time.

⮚ What is sampling and sample?

To convert a signal from continuous time to discrete time, a process called sampling is used. The value
of the signal is measured at certain intervals in time. Each measurement is referred to as a sample.

⮚ What Sampling Theorem ?

A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered back when
sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the highest frequency component of
message signal
In general, to preserve the full information in the signal, it is necessary to sample at twice the maximum
frequency of the signal. This is known as the Nyquist rate.
i. e. fs≥2fm. .
⮚ we will need to sample at a higher rate to avoid losing information that is in the signal.
Basics of Sampling Theory:-
Consider a continuous time signal x(t).

Points:-
•The spectrum of x(t) is a band limited to fm Hz i.e. the spectrum of x(t) is zero for |ω|>ωm.
•Sampling of input signal x(t) can be obtained by multiplying x(t) with an impulse train δ(t) of period Ts.
•The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled signal which is represented with y(t) in the
following diagrams:

⮚ Here, you can observe that the


sampled signal takes the period of
impulse.
Mathematical Proof:-
The process of sampling can be explained by the following mathematical expression:

⮚ To reconstruct x(t), you must recover input signal spectrum X(ω) from sampled signal spectrum Y(ω), which
is possible when there is no overlapping between the cycles of Y(ω).
Sampling Frequency & Sampling Rate:-

⮚ Sampling Rate:-

• To discretize the signals, the gap between the samples should be fixed.
• That gap can be termed as the sampling period Ts. & Inverse of the sampling period is known
as sampling frequency or sampling rate fs .

⮚ Mathematically, we can write it as


• fs=1/Ts
Where, fs is the sampling frequency or the sampling rate & Ts is the sampling period
Sampling Theorem in terms of Bandwidth:-
Sampling Theorem :-

The sampling rate should be such that the data in the message signal should neither be lost nor it
should get over-lapped.

The sampling theorem states that, “a signal can be exactly reproduced if it is sampled at the rate fs,
which is greater than or equal to twice the maximum frequency of the given signal W.”
Nyquist Theorem reviles the following fact:-
• The sampling theorem, which is also called as Nyquist theorem, delivers the theory of
sufficient sample rate in terms of bandwidth for the class of functions that are bandlimited.

⮚ For continuous-time signal x(t), which is band-limited in the frequency domain is


represented as shown in the following figure

⮚ If the signal is sampled above Nyquist rate, then the original signal can be recovered. The
following figure explains a signal, if sampled at a higher rate than 2w in the frequency
domain.
Aliasing Effect:-
⮚ If the same signal is sampled at a rate less than 2w, then the sampled signal would look like the
following figure.

We can observe from the above pattern that there is over-lapping of information, which leads to
mixing up and loss of information.
•This unwanted phenomenon of over-lapping is called as Aliasing.
⮚
Hence, the sampling rate of the signal is chosen to be as Nyquist rate. If the sampling rate is
equal to twice the highest frequency of the given signal W, then the sampled signal would look
like the following figure.
The overlapped region in case
of under sampling represents
aliasing effect, which can be
removed by
•considering fs >2fm
•By using anti aliasing filters
Types of sampling:-

⮚ There are three types of sampling techniques:-

• Impulse sampling.

• Natural sampling.

• Flat Top sampling.


Impulse Sampling:-

⮚ This is called ideal sampling or impulse sampling.


⮚ This cannot be used practically because pulse width cannot be zero and the generation of impulse train is not
possible practically.
Natural Sampling:-
Natural Sampling:-
Flat Top Sampling:-
• Here, the top of the samples are flat i.e. they have constant amplitude. Hence, it is called as flat top sampling or
practical sampling.
• Flat top sampling makes use of sample and hold circuit.
Continued……

• Here, the top of the samples are flat i.e. they have constant amplitude. Hence, it is called as flat top sampling or
practical sampling.
• Flat top sampling makes use of sample and hold circuit.
THANK YOU

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