LECTURE- 13
ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
PAPER CODE- EI 502
Quantization Noise
SANTANA DAS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
APPLIED ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Topics:-
• Basics of Quantization
• Example
• Quantization Noise-SNR Estimation
• Types of Quantizer
Quantization & Error:-
⮚ Quantisation:-
• The digitization of analog signals involves the rounding off of the values which are approximately equal
to the analog values.
• The method of sampling chooses a few points on the analog signal and then these points are joined to
round off the value to a near stabilized value. Such a process is called as Quantization.
⮚ Quantizing an Analog Signal:-
The analog-to-digital converters perform this type of function to create a series of digital values out of
the given analog signal.
The following figure represents an analog signal. This signal to get converted into digital, has to undergo
sampling and quantizing.
Quantizing the Example analog signal :-
⮚ The quantizing of an analog signal is done by discretizing the signal with a number of quantization
levels.
⮚ Quantization is representing the sampled values of the amplitude by a finite set of levels, which means
converting a continuous-amplitude sample into a discrete-time signal.
⮚ The following figure shows how an analog signal gets quantized. The blue line represents analog signal
while the brown one represents the quantized signal.
Quantized Signal
Quantization Error:-
⮚ Sampling and quantization result in the loss of information.
⮚ Reconstruction levels & Step Size:-
The quality of a Quantizer output depends upon the number of quantization levels used. The
discrete amplitudes of the quantized output are called as representation levels or reconstruction
levels. The spacing between the two adjacent representation levels is called a quantum or step-
size.
⮚ Quantization error.
When an Analog-Digital Converter (ADC) converts a continuous signal into a discrete digital
representation, there is a range of input values that produces the same output. That range is
called quantum (Q) and is equivalent to the Least Significant Bit (LSB).
The difference between input and output is called the quantization error. Therefore, the
quantization error can be between ±Q/2
Explanation:-
Quantization Error & R.M.S. Value:
•Any value of the error is equally likely, so it has a uniform distribution ranging from −Q/2 to +Q/2. Then, this
error can be considered a quantization noise with RMS:
RMS Value:-
Fig. Quantized Signal
How does the Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR) relates to the
number of bits in the digital representation?:-
⮚ Assuming an input sinusoidal with peak-to-peak amplitude Vref, where Vref is the reference
voltage of an N-bit ADC (therefore, occupying the full-scale of the ADC), its RMS value is
where N is the number of bits available for discretization. The relation Vref=2NQ comes from the fact
that the range Vref is divided among 2N steps, each with quantum Q.
⮚SNR:-
To calculate the Signal-Noise Ratio, divide the RMS of the input signal by the RMS of the quantization
noise:
Types of Quantizers:-
Two Types:-
⮚Uniform Quantization
⮚Non-uniform Quantization.
The type of quantization in which the quantization levels are uniformly spaced is termed as a
Uniform Quantization.
The type of quantization in which the quantization levels are unequal and mostly the relation
between them is logarithmic, is termed as a Non-uniform Quantization.
∙Types of Uniform Quantizers: ( based on I/P - O/P Characteristics)
⮚1. Mid-Rise type Quantizer
⮚2. Mid-Tread type Quantizer
Mid-Rise type Quantizer:-
• The Mid-Rise type is so called because the origin lies in the middle of a raising part of the
stair-case like graph. The quantization levels in this type are even in number.
Mid-tread type :-
⮚ The Mid-tread type is so called because the origin lies in the middle of a tread of the stair-case
like graph. The quantization levels in this type are odd in number.
Non- Uniform Quantizer::-
⮚ Although uniform quantization is straight forward and appears to be a natural approach
it may not be optimal.
⮚ Problem with Uniform Quantizer??
• Suppose f is much more likely to be in one region than in others.
• It is reasonable to assign more reconstruction levels to that region.
• If f falls rarely between t1 and t2 , the reconstruction level r1 is rarely used
• Rearranging reconstruction levels r1, r2, r3, r4
so that they all lie between t1 and t4 makes more
sense.
• Quantizers in which reconstruction and
transition levels do not have even spacing is
called non-uniform quantization.
THANK YOU
