PROBA

BILITY
- a branch of mathematics that deals with the
likelihood of occurrence of a random event. It
encompasses several formal concepts related to
probability such as random variables.
 Blaise Pascal
In the mid-17th century,
an exchange of letters
between two prominent
mathematicians–Blaise
Pascal and Pierre de
Pierre de Fermat
Fermat–laid the
foundation for
probability, thereby
changing the way
scientists and
 Blaise Pascal
Pascal is credited with laying
the fundamental
groundwork of probability
theory. Together with Pierre
de Fermat, he worked out the
mathematical theory of
Pierre de Fermat probability to help Fermat
understand why he lost money
at dice. Pascal introduced
entirely new mathematical
techniques for the solution of
problems that had hitherto
resisted solution, techniques
 Sample Space
Sample space (S) - is a collection or a set of
possible outcomes of a random
experiment.
ubset of possible outcomes of an experiment is called even
Sample point – possible outcome
TOSSING A
The number of sample
points in a sample space is
COIN
S = {H, T} =
{Head, Tail}
called the size of a n(S) =
sample space, denoted
by n(S) 2
TOSSING n(S) =
TWO T12 and T2 4
H1 and H
COINS

S = { (H1, H2), (H1,

T
22n), (T1, H2), (T1,
T2) }
TOSSING “n” is taken as 3
THREE
n(S) =COINS
2³ = 8 outcomes

S = { HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT,

Find the sample space S and the
corresponding size n(S) for each of the
following experiments.
a. Choose a student at random
from a class and record the
corresponding month of birth.
S = {January, February, March,
April, May, June, July, August,
September,
n(S) = 12 October, November,
December}
Find the sample space S and the
corresponding size n(S) for each of the
following experiments.
b. There are 3 red balls and 1 white ball
in a bag. A ball is drawn at random from
the bag
Let R₁,and its be
R₂, R₃ color
theisthree
recorded.
red
balls; W be the White ball
S = {R₁, R₂, R₃, W}
n(S) = 4
 Find the sample space S and the
corresponding size n(S) for each of the
c.following experiments.
Throw fair coin and a fair die once.
Record the side of the coin facing upward
and
Letthe
H andnumber that
T be the head turns
and up on
tail shown in the
theside
dieof
the coin facing upward, respectively.
together.
The S of throwing a fair coin once =
{H, T} a fair die once = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
of throwing

S = { H1, H2, H3, H4, H5,

H6, T1,
n(S) = T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 }
a. Choose a student at random
from a class and record the
corresponding month
Kind of sample of birth.
space: NOT AN
EQUIPROBABLE SPACE
b. There are 3 red balls and 1 white
ball in a bag. A ball is drawn at random
fromKind
the bad and itsspace:
of sample color is recorded.
EQUIPROBABLE
c. Throw fair coin and a fair die once.
Record the side of the coin facing upward
and Kind
the number that
of sample turns EQUIPROBABLE
space: up in the die
together.
 Theoretical
Probability
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑜 𝐸
𝑃 (𝐸)=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

n Set Notation
𝑛 ( 𝐸
( 𝐸 )=
𝑛 (𝑆
Take Note
• The total probability of all events is 1,
therefore, there is no probability
higher than 1.

• The probability must be expressed in

either fraction or decimal form.
 • A probability of 0 means that an event is
impossible.
• A probability of 1 means that the event is
certain to happen
0.5 is to 1, the more 1
0 closer a probability
• The
likely it is to happen.

impossi unlikel 50-50 likely certain

ble y chance
 Simple
Probability𝑃 ( 𝐸 )= 𝑛 (𝑆 )
𝑛(𝐸)

Grab a coin. Check the

probability that the result is H.
1
𝑃 ( 𝐻 )= =0.5
2
 Simple
Probability
Consider tossing two coins. What
is the probability of getting
exactly two heads? 𝑃 ( 𝐸 )= 𝑛 ( 𝐸 )
𝑛 (𝑆 )
1
( )
𝑃 𝐸 = =0. 25
S = {HH, HT, TH, 4
TT}
Probability
A playing card is drawn at random
from a standard deck of 52 playing
cards.
a. aFind the probability of
b. a queen
drawing:
diamond
𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛 (𝑆 ) 𝑛 (𝑆 )
𝟏𝟑 𝟒
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝟒 𝟏𝟑
Probability
A playing card is drawn at random
from a standard deck of 52 playing
cards.
c. aFind
blackthe probability
d. a redof
drawing:
card 𝑛 ( 𝐸 ) 𝑃 ( 𝐸 ace
)=
𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛 (𝑆 ) 𝑛 (𝑆 )
𝟐𝟔 𝟐
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝟐 𝟐𝟔
Probability
If you roll two dice, what is the
probability of getting a𝑛total
( 𝐸 )of 7?
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛 (𝑆 )
6 1
𝑃 ( 𝑠𝑢𝑚¿
𝑜𝑓 36
¿
7 ) 6

S = { (1,6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2)

Probability
If you roll two dice, what is the
probability of getting a total
greater than or equal
𝑛(𝐸)
to 6?
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛 (𝑆 )
2613
¿𝐸
𝑃 ( ¿ )
3618
¿ 0.72
 Experimental
Probability
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 h𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Probability
A lid of a bottle is thrown onto a
table. There are three possible
outcomes denoted by A, B, and
C.
A means that B means C means that
the lid stands that the lid the lid stands
vertically lies on its upside down
upward side
 Probability
Throw the lid onto the table 100 times and
record the frequencies of the events

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 h𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
45 17
𝑃 ( 𝐴 )= 0.45𝑃 (¿𝐵 )
¿ = 0.17
100 100
38
𝑃 (¿𝐶 ) = 0.38
100
 Probability
There are chips in a bag, in four different
colors. An experiment is used to obtain the
probability/ relative frequency of the
result. 100
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 = 0
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 h𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
421 323
𝑃 (¿𝐵 )= 0.421
1000 𝑃 (¿𝐺 )= 0.323
1000
122 134
𝑃 (¿𝑅 )= 0.122 𝑃 (¿𝑌 )= 0.134
1000 1000