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Lecture 2

The lecture discusses the origins of agriculture and the emergence of civilization, highlighting how early societies transitioned from foraging to farming and the role of population growth. It outlines key traits of civilization, including advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, and record keeping, emphasizing their significance in human culture. The legacies of ancient river valley civilizations are noted for laying the foundations for political organization and legal systems that influence modern societies.

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2 views27 pages

Lecture 2

The lecture discusses the origins of agriculture and the emergence of civilization, highlighting how early societies transitioned from foraging to farming and the role of population growth. It outlines key traits of civilization, including advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, and record keeping, emphasizing their significance in human culture. The legacies of ancient river valley civilizations are noted for laying the foundations for political organization and legal systems that influence modern societies.

Uploaded by

hussain4605967
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department Of Architecture And Planning,

NED University Of Engineering And Technology


AR-211 History & Theory I
Week 02
Lecture 02

INSTRUCTOR
Sarah Athar Khan
Sauer's 1952 book suggests that Southeast Asian fishermen, with a reliable food
source and sedentary lifestyle, initially embraced farming due to their time and
strength to experiment with new production systems.

Agriculture may have emerged as a byproduct of religious ceremonies, with


plants providing ritualistic drugs, seeds scattered on burial mounds, and
domesticated animals for sacrifice.

our ancestors began raising crops when they could no longer collect enough food
from the wild to feed themselves and their families.

There is strong evidence that populations were indeed expanding during the Agricultural
Revolution at most early sites of crop origins, but it is not known whether the invention
of agriculture stimulated that growth or was developed because of that growth.
Catal Huyuk 7000 BC
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y0l2AHUDuqs/UKPwvxzT4mI/AAAAAAAAARQ/cNLCTb-OBJE/s1600/catalhuyuk.jpg

Source Global History of Architecture pg. 14


Source Global History of Architecture pg. 15
Çatalhöyük's architecture was
influenced by its location on the dry
and flat Konya Plain in central
Anatolia. The compact design
conserved heat during winter and
provided cool spaces during summer.
The use of mud bricks, a locally
available material, demonstrates an http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y0l2AHUDuqs/UKPwvxzT4mI/AAAAAAAAARQ/cNLCTb-OBJE/s1600/catalhuyuk.jpg

adaptation to available resources,


allowing for durable and insulating
structures, and flat roofs provided
additional living and working areas
• Rich in symbolic
and decorative
elements
• Complex belief
system possibly tied
to fertility,
protection, and
nature
• Reliefs and built-in
elements like
benches and
platforms may have
held ritualistic
significance.

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EcDnQF3XkAEIqJ5.jpg
Source: World History: Patters of Interaction
https://i.pinimg.com/236x/26/c6/0f/26c60f36c3f81f932aa328e3197e581c--creative-
teaching-press-ancient-mesopotamia.jpg
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/81Y09r+vSvL.jpg
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/81OCp9XneJL._AC_SY450_.jpg
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/5c/40/a8/5c40a82a4cca23e0a15872d0875820c6.jpg
CIVILIZATION ????
Civilization is usually associated with
the cultural practices of cities and
urban living, the presence of writing
and written law

Civilization is a form of human culture


in which any people live in urban
centers, have mastered the art of
smelting metals, and have
developed a method of writing.

The first civilizations began in cities,


which were larger, more populated,
and more complex in their political,
economic and social structure than
Neolithic villages.
KEY TRAITS OF CIVILIZATION

Growth of cities

Specialized workers

Writing

Advanced technology

Complex institutions

Source: World History: Patters of Interaction pg. 20-21


KEY TRAITS OF
CIVILIZATION

Source: World History: Patters of Interaction pg.


21
ADVANCED CITIES
• A city is more than a large group of people living close together. Population size doesn’t make a
village into a city.
• One of the most important differences between a city and a village is that a city is a centre of
trade for a larger area.

http://www.historyshistories.com/mesopotamia-5-traits-of-civilization.html
SPECIALIZED WORKERS
• As cities grew, so did the need for specialized
workers. No longer could individuals do all the
work. Food surplus provided for the need for
specialized skills from workers. Specialization
helped workers refine their skills and specialize on
one specific task.
COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS
• Religion • Government
• Temples were built • People became rulers or kings
• More men became priests • Rulers required workers and
armies to maintain order
RECORD KEEPING
• Most civilizations developed a system of writing,
though some devised other methods of record
keeping.
• They also wrote about their cities’ dramatic events—
wars, natural disasters, the reign of kings. Eventually,
the earliest civilizations used writing for creative
expression as well as for record keeping. This
produced the world's first works of literature.

• Mesopotamian civilization-
Cuneiform
• Egyptian civilization- Hieroglyphs
• Harappan civilization- Undeciphered
IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY

The spread and development of


technology was critical to the survival and
development of these early civilizations
because it allowed for growth of the
population in each civilization, in addition
to ensuring the survival of future
generations.
The Legacies Of The Ancient River
Valley Civilizations

• These civilizations laid the foundations for political


centralization and organization upon which nearly all
subsequent civilizations are built.
• They also provided many of the roots of human
civilization all the way to the present including the
practices of monument building, written articulation of
legal codes, and the construction of the legal and
political infrastructures necessary to run a central
government of a state.
End of Lecture 2
Next:
Mesopotamian Civilization

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