Module 3

WASTEWATER
Necessity of sewerage system
Definition of wastewater
Why the sewerage system is required.

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Methods of domestic waste water
disposal

Disposal by Dilution where large receiving water bodies area available

Land disposal where sufficient land is available
Sanitary engg starts at the point where water supply engg. ends.
It can be classified as
oCollection works
oTreatment works
oDisposal works

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Systems of sanitation
Old conservancy system
Modern water carriage system

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 Advantages of modern water carriage
system over conservancy system
The water carriage system is more hygienic, because in this system, the societies wastes have not to be
collected and carried in buckets or carts as in conservancy system. The polluted sewage is carried in closed
conduits as soon as it is produced.
In conservancy system, the waste products are generally buried under ground , which may sometime pollute
the cities water supplies.
In sewerage system, the sewage is carried through underground pipes and these pipes do not occupy floor
area an road sides or impair the beauty of the surrounding.
Water carriage system may allow the use of water closet thus occupying lesser space with their compact
designs.
Sewerage system is also helpful for multistoried buildings where the water closets one above the other can
be easily constructed and connected to a single vertical pipe.
No chances of outbreaks r epidemic because flies and other insects do not have direct access to the sewage.

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The labour required for the operation and maintenance is extremely small, except for the
operation of certain pumps, etc.
The system permits the use of modern methods of treatment of the sewerage collected through
the sewers. The treated wastewater and sewage can be safely disposed off without any risk.
The land required for the disposal of treated wastewater is very much smaller than the land
required for the conservancy system.
Though the initial cost of installation of the system are very high, the running cost are very
small, since manual labour is much reduced

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Classification of sewerage system
Separate system
Combined system
Partially combined or partially separate system

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 Sources of Sewage
Domestic usage.
Industries use the water for manufacturing various products and thus develop the
sewage.
Water supplied to schools, cinemas, hotels, railway stations, etc., when gets used
develops sewage.
Ground water infiltration into sewers through loose joints.
Unauthorized entrance of rain water in sewer lines.

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Design period
Definition
Factors affecting design period
oEase and difficulty in expansion,
oAmount and availability of investment,
oAnticipated rate of population growth, including shifts in communities, industries and
commercial investments,
oHydraulic constraints of the systems designed, and
oLife of the material and equipment

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Dry weather flow
Definition
Factors affecting dry weather flow
oRate of water supply
oPopulation growth
oType of area served
oInfiltration of ground water

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Variation in sewage flow and their effects

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Quantity of storm water flow

Factors affecting storm water

oRainfall intensity and duration.
oArea of the catchment.
oSlope and shape of the catchment area.
oNature of the soil and the degree of porosity.
oInitial state of catchment

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Computing the peak drainage discharge by the use of
rational formula

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Computing the peak drainage discharge by the use of
empirical formula
BURKLI – ZIEGLER FORMULA DICKEN’S FORMULA

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Cont….
RYVE’S FORMULA INGLIS FORMULA

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Cont….
NAWAB JUNG BAHADUR FORMULA DREDGE OR BURGE’S FORMULA

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Co – efficient of runoff

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Intensity of rainfall
Time of concentration

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 Numerical

1.Assuming that the surface on which the rainfalls in a district is classified as follows: 20% of the area consists of
roof for which the runoff ratio is 0.9, 20% of the area consists of pavement for which runoff ratio is 0.85, 5% of area
consists of paved yards of houses for which runoff ratio is 0.80, 15% of area consists of macadam roads for which
runoff ratio is 0.40, 35% of the area consists of lawns, gardens and vegetable plants for which the runoff ratio is 0.10
and the remaining 5% of the area is wooded for which the runoff is 0.05, determine the co – efficient of runoff for
the area. If the total area of the district is 36 hectares and the maximum rain intensity is taken as 5 cm/hr; what is the
total runoff for the district. The density of population is 250 per hectare and quota of water supply per day is 225L.
calculate the quantity of sewage for which the sewers of a separate system should be designed.

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 Cont…
1.The drainage area of one sector of a town is 12 hectare. The classification of the surface of this area is as follows. If
the time of concentration for the area is 30 minute. Find the maximum runoff use formula. R =. The density of
population is 200 per hectare and quota of water supply per day is 180L. Calculate the quantity of sewage for which
the sewers of a partially separate system should be designed.

Percent of total surface area Type of surface Co – efficient of runoff

20% Hard pavement 0.85

20% Roof surface 0.80

15% Unpaved street 0.20

30% Garden and lawn 0.20

15% Wooden area 0.15

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 Cont…
1. A certain district of a city has a projected population of 50,000 residing over an area of 40 hectares. Find the design
discharge for the sewer line, for the following data.

i. Rate of water supply =200 Liter per capita per day

ii. Average impermeability co – efficient for the entire area = 0.3

iii. Time of concentration = 50 minutes

The sewer line is to be designed for a flow equivalent to the wet weather flow plus twice the dry weather flow.
Assume that 75% of water supply reaches in sewer as wastewater.

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 Self purification phenomenon
Factoring effecting self purification phenomenon oTemperature

Physical factors oTurbulence

oDilution and dispersion oHydrography
oAvailability of dissolved oxygen and amount and type of
organic matter present
oSedimentation
oRate of re – aeration
oSunlight

Chemical factors
oOxidation
oReduction

Other factors
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 Zones of pollution in a river stream or zone of purification

Zone of degradation:

Zone of active decomposition

Zone of recovery

Zone of cleaner water

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 Oxygen Sag Curve
De – oxygenation
Re – oxygenation
Factors affecting the rate of oxygen supply by the
atmosphere to the polluted water
The depth of the receiving water
The condition of the body of water
The saturation deficit or the oxygen deficit
Temperature of water

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Streeter –phelps equation

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Sampling
Definition
Sampling techniques
oGrab Sampling
oComposite Sampling
oIntegrated Sampling
Sampling handling and preservation requirements

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Characteristics of wastewater
Physical characteristics

oTurbidity

oColour

oOdour

oTemperature

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Chemical characteristics
oSolids
opH
oChloride content
oNitrogen content
oPresence of fats, greases and oils
oSulphides, sulphates and hydrogen sulphides gas
oDissolved oxygen
oChemical oxygen demand
oBio – chemical oxygen demand

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Bio – chemical oxygen demand

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Derivation

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 Biological Characteristics

Aerobic Decomposition
oNitrogen cycle

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 Cont…
oSulphur cycle

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Cont…
oCarbon Cycle

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Cont…

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Anaerobic decomposition

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 Numerical problem
1. The 5 day 30oC BOD of sewage sample is 110 mg/l. Calculate its 5 days 20 oC BOD. Assume the deoxygenation constant at 20 oC, KD as
0.1.

2. The BOD5 of a waste has been measured as 600 mg/l. If k1 = 0.23/day(base e), what is the ultimate BOD would remain unoxidised
after 20 days.

3. During the BOD test conducted on a 5% dilution of waste, the following observations were taken.
i. DO of aerated water used for dilution = 3.6 mg/l

ii. DO of original sample = 0.8 mg/l

iii. DO of diluted sample after 5 days incubation = 0.7 mg/l

Compute : a) 5 day BOD (b) Ultimate BOD. Assume deoxygenation constant at test temperature as 0.12.
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 Module 4
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PROCESS
Treatment of wastewater
Preliminary treatment

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

Tertiary treatment or advanced treatment

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Municipal Wastewater treatment plant

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 Screening
Classification of Screens

oCoarse Screens
oMedium Screens
oFine Screens

Disposal of Screenings

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Design Criteria
Items Hand cleaned screens Mechanically cleaned
screens
Bar size:
Width (mm) 5 – 15 5 – 15
Depth (mm) 25 – 75 25 – 75
Spacing between bars 25 – 50 15 – 75
Slope from vertical(degree) 30 – 45 0 -30
Velocity(m/s) 0.3 – 0.6 0.6 – 1.0
Head loss(mm) 150 150

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Formulas

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 Numerical problem
1. Estimate the screen requirement for a plant treating a peak flow of 60 million liters per day of sewage.

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Grit Chamber
Working Principle Parameter Range
Rectangular grit chamber
Design Criteria Detention time(sec) 40. to 60
Settling velocity for
Inorganic matter 1.5 to 2.0 cm/s
Organic matter 8. 0.8 to 0.24 cm/s
Aerated grit chamber
Depth (m) 2–5
Length(m) 7.5 – 20
Width (m) 2.5 -7.0
Width – depth ratio 1:1 – 5:1
Detention time (min.) 2– 5
Air supply(m3/min/m length) 0.15 – 0.45

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 Numerical Problem
1.A rectangular grit chamber is designed to remove particles with a diameter of 0.2 mm, specific gravity 2.65. setting
velocity for these particles has been found to range from 0.016 to 0.022 m/s, depending on their shape factor. A flow
through velocity of 0.3 m/s will be maintained by proportioning weir. Determine the channel dimensions for a
maximum wastewater flow of 10,000 cu.m/ day
2.Design an aerated grit chamber for treating municipal wastewater with average flow rate of 0.5 m 3/s. Assume the
peak flow rate to be 3 times the average.

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 Skimming Tank & Sedimentation Tank

Skimming tanks are used for the removal of oil and grease
Types of sedimentation tank
oIntermittent settling tank
oContinuous flow type
Design of Continuous flow type
Chemical Precipitation and Coagulation

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Design criteria
Parameter Range
Overflow rate 40,000 to 50,000 L/m2/day
Detention time 1to 2 hours
Width 6to 7.5m
Length 4to 5 times the width
Effective depth 2.4to 3.6 m
Velocity 0.3 m/min
Circular sedimentation
Max. diameter 60m or so

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Numerical Problem
1.Design a suitable rectangular sedimentation tank for treating the sewage from a city, provided with an assured
public water supply system, with a maximum daily demand of 12 million liters per day. Assume suitable values of
detention period and velocity of flow in the tank. Make any other assumptions required.
2. Design a circular sedimentation tank unit for a primary treatment of sewage at 12 million liters per day. Assume
suitable values of detention period and surface loading.

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 Secondary treatment process

Classification of secondary treatment process

oSuspended growth process

oAttached growth process

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Activated sludge process

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Factors affecting ASP
Temperature

Return rates

Amount of oxygen available

Amount of organic matter available

pH

Waste rates

Aeration time

Wastewater toxicity
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 Modification of ASP
 The major process modifications of the activated sludge process are:
oconventional

oTapered aeration
oComplete mix
oStep aeration
oContact stabilization
oExtended aeration

oPure oxygen systems

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F/M ratio

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Module 4
Trickling filter

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 Numerical problem
1. Design a low rate filter to treat 6.0 Mld of sewage of BOD of 210 mg/l. The final effluent should be 30 mg/l
and organic loading rate is 320 g/m3/d.

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Rotating Biological Contactors
Consists of series of closely spaced circular discs of 3 m in diameter and 10 mm thick

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 Bio Towers
A huge circular or rectangular tank with large surface area
Crushed stones or plastics are generally used

Stabilization Pond or Oxidation Pond

Classification depends on nature of biological activity
•Aerobic
•Anaerobic
•Facultative
ADVANTAGES:
Lower initial cost and operating cost
Treatment system is not significantly influenced by leaky sewage
DISADVANTAGES:
Requires large area
Potential odour problem
In urban area, the extension of town might encroach lagoon sites.

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Design Criteria
Parameters Range
Organic Loading 300 to 150 Kg/hectare/day
Depth 1 to 1.5 m
Detention Period 20 to 30 days
Length Twice the width

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Oxidation Ditch
Oxidation ditch is a modified activated sludge plant
It is economical upto the population of 1.5 Lakh
The number of ditch plants are placed together side by side having a length of about 1 to 1.5 m*
It can be constructed either in earth work, brick or stone but the water tightness is essential

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