HUMAN

MEMORY
01
What
What is
is
Memory?
Memory?
Memory is a fundamental cognitive process that
involves encoding, storing, and retrieving
information. It allows individuals to retain
knowledge over time and utilize it when
necessary. Without memory, learning and
adaptation would be impossible.
Memory is "the means by which we draw on our
past experiences in order to use this
information in the present."
 ENCODING
Encoding refers to the process
of transforming sensory input
into a form that can be stored in
memory

PROCESS
PROCESS STORAGE
OF
OF
Storage is the process of
maintaining encoded
information over time. It
MEMORY
MEMORY includes both short-term and
long-term retention.
RETRIEVAL
Retrieval involves
recovering information
from memory stores
TYPES OF MEMORY
● Sensory memory preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief
time, usually only a fraction of a second. Sensory memory allows the sensation of a
visual pattern, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory
stimulation is over
● For example, Auditory sensory memory or echoic sensory memory: Hearing a bird
sing. Visual sensory memory or iconic sensory memory: Seeing the stop sign.
● Short-term memory (STM) is a limited-capacity store that can maintain
unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds. Short-term memory temporarily
holds and processes information that you're consciously aware of. It’s where
information goes after sensory memory if you pay attention to it. Actually, you can
maintain information in your short-term store for longer than 20 seconds. How?
Primarily, by engaging in rehearsal—the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking
about information.
● Long-term memory (LTM) is an unlimited capacity store that can hold
information over lengthy periods of time. It holds all the information that you’ve
learned, experiences, facts, and skills. Long-term memory can store information for
minutes, hours, years, or even an entire lifetime. Once something is encoded into
long-term memory, it stays there permanently, although retrieval might be
challenging at times
Retention,
Retention, Recall,
Recall, Recognition,
Recognition, and
and Retrieval
Retrieval

RETENTION RECALL
01
01 Retention refers to the ability to
preserve information over time.
It is the process of maintaining
02
02 Recall is the ability to retrieve
information from memory
without cues. It involves bringing
encoded information in the previously learned information
memory system. into conscious awareness.

RECOGNITION RETRIEVAL
03
03 Recognition involves identifying
previously learned information
when it is presented to you,
04
04 Retrieval is the overall process
of accessing stored information
from memory, encompassing
often among other stimuli. both recall and recognition.
FORGETTING
FORGETTING
Forgetting is the inability
to retrieve or retain
information. It can occur
due to various reasons,
including decay,
interference, and retrieval
failure.
THEORIES
THEORIES OF
OF
FORGETTING
FORGETTING
01
DECAY
DECAY
THEORY
THEORY
Decay Theory suggests that memories
fade over time due to the mere passage
of time. The memory trace, a physical or
chemical change in the brain that
represents the memory, weakens if it is
not accessed or rehearsed regularly.
02
INTERFERENCE
INTERFERENCE
THEORY
THEORY
Interference Theory proposes that forgetting occurs because new
or old information interferes with the ability to recall other
information. There are two types of interference:
 Proactive interference happens when old memories
hinder the recall of newly learned information. If you
have been driving a car with manual transmission for years,
switching to an automatic car might cause you to reach for a
gear stick that isn't there.
 Retroactive interference occurs when new information
interferes with the retrieval of older memories. After
changing the password on your phone, you may start to forget
your old password because the new one is more frequently
03
RETREIVAL
RETREIVAL
FAILURE
FAILURE THEORY
THEORY
Retrieval Failure Theory posits that memories are not
lost but are inaccessible due to the absence of
retrieval cues that were present during encoding.
You walk into a room and forget why you went there.
Returning to the original room helps you remember
because the environmental cues trigger the memory.
How
How to
to improve
improve
MEMORY
MEMORY
Improving
Improving memory
memory can
can be
be achieved
achieved through
through various
various strategies
strategies and
and techniques:
techniques:
●Organization: Structuring information logically to facilitate
storage and retrieval.
●Imagery : Using visual images to represent information, making it
easier to remember.
●Chunking: Grouping information into meaningful units to increase
the amount of information held in short-term memory. For example, A
phone number like 18005551234 is hard to remember as a whole. By
chunking, we break it down:
• 1-800 (toll-free code)
• 555 (exchange code)
• 1234 (line number)
MNEMONICS

● Mnemonics are memory aids that enhance the encoding and retrieval of
information through various techniques:
1. An Acronym is a word formed by taking the first letters of a series of
words.
● NASA for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
2. Acrostics use the first letter of each word to create a memorable
sentence or phrase.
● To remember the order of taxonomy in biology: "King Philip Came Over For
Good Soup“ (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)