Transform-Domain

Representation of
Discrete-Time Signals
• Three useful representations of discrete-
time sequences in the transform domain:
- Discrete-time Fourier Transform
- Discrete Fourier Transform
- z Transform
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• A discrete-time signal can be represented in
the frequency domain using discrete-time
Fourier transform.
• Therefore, the Fourier transform of a discrete
time sequence is called the discrete-time
Fourier transform (DTFT).
• Is a form of Fourier analysis that is
applicable to a sequence of values
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Definition - The discrete-time Fourier
transform (DTFT) X (e j ) of a sequence
x[n] is given by

j  j n
X (e )  x[n]e
n 
• In general, X ( e j )
is a complex function
of the real variable  and can be written as
X (e j )  X re (e j )  j X im (e j )
Note:The DFT is one of the most powerful tools in digital signal processing which enables us to find the
spectrum of a finite-duration signal.
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• X re (e j ) and X im (e j ) are, respectively,
the real and imaginary parts of X (e j ), and
are real functions of 
• X (e j ) can alternately be expressed as
X (e j )  X (e j ) e j()
where
() arg{ X (e j )}
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• X (e j ) is called the magnitude function
• () is called the phase function
• Both quantities are again real functions of 
• In many applications, the DTFT is called
the Fourier spectrum
• Likewise, X (e j ) and () are called the
magnitude and phase spectra
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• For a real sequence x[n], X (e j ) and X re (e j )
are even functions of , whereas, ()
and X im (e j ) are odd functions of 
• Note: X (e j )  X (e j ) e j ( ( )2k )

 X (e j ) e j()
for any integer k
• The phase function () cannot be
uniquely specified for any DTFT
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Unless otherwise stated, we shall assume
that the phase function () is restricted to
the following range of values:
  ()  
called the principal value
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Example - The DTFT of the unit sample
sequence [n] is given by

 j n
( )    [n]e  [0] 1
n 
• Example - Consider the causal sequence
n
x[n]   [n],   1
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Its DTFT is given by
 
j n  j n n  j n
X (e )   [n]e   e
n  n 0

  ( e  j )n  1
n 0 1  e  j
 j
as  e   1
 j 1 1
X (e )   j

1  e 1   cos   j sin 

1
X e 
j 2

(1   cos  ) 2   sin  
2

1

1  2 cos    2

arg( X (e j )  tan  1 ( sin  1  cos  )

For  0.5
2 1
X ( e j ) 
1.25  cos 

 0.5 sin  
arg( X (e j )  tan  1  
 1  0.5 cos  
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• The magnitude and phase of the DTFT
j  j
X (e ) 1 /(1  0.5 e ) are shown
below 2
0.6

0.4

Phase in radians
0.2
1.5
Magnitude

1 -0.2

-0.4

0.5
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
w/p w/p
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• The DTFT X (e j ) of a sequence x[n] is a
continuous function of 
• It is also a periodic function of  with a
period 2:
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Therefore 
j  j n
X (e )  x[n]e
n 
represents the Fourier series representation
of the periodic function
• As a result, the Fourier coefficients x[n] can
be computed from X (e j )using the Fourier
integral

1 j  j n
x[n]   X (e )e d
2  
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform:

1 j j n
x[n]   X (e )e d
2  
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Convergence Condition - An infinite
series of the form

j  j n
X (e )  x[n]e
n 
may or may not converge
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform

•Now, if x[n] is an absolutely summable

sequence, i.e., if


 x[n]  
n 
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Then
 
j  j n
X (e )  x[n]e   x[n]  
n  n 

for all values of 

• Thus, the absolute summability of x[n] is a
sufficient condition for the existence of the
DTFT X (e ) j 
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Example - The sequence x[n]  n  [n] for
  1 is absolutely summable as
  1
n n
  [n]    1    
n  n 0
j
and its DTFT X ( e ) therefore converges
 j
to 1 /(1   e uniformly
)
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• The DTFT can also be defined for a certain
class of sequences which are not absolutely
summable.
• Examples of such sequences are the unit
step sequence [n], the sinusoidal sequence
A n
cos( o n   ) and the exponential sequence
• For this type of sequences, a DTFT
representation is possible using the Dirac
delta function ()
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• The function

X ( e j )   2 (  o  2 k)
k 
is a periodic function of  with a period 2
and is called a periodic impulse train
• To verify that X (e j ) given above is indeed
the DTFT of we j o n
compute the
x[n] e
inverse DTFT of j
X (e )
 Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
• Thus

1
x[n]    2(  o  2 k)e jn d
2   k 

 (  o )e jn d e jo n

where we have used the sampling property
of the impulse function  ( )
Table 3.1
Commonly Used DTFT Pairs
Sequence DTFT
 [n]  1

1   2 (  2 k)
k  

j o n
e   2 (   o  2 k)
k  
1 
 [n ]   j
    (  2 k )
1 e k  
1
 n [n], (   1) 
1   e  j
 DTFT Properties
• There are a number of important properties
of the DTFT that are useful in signal
processing applications
• These are listed here without proof
• Their proofs are quite straightforward
• We illustrate the applications of some of the
DTFT properties
Table 3.2:General Properties of
DTFT
 DTFT Properties
• Example - Determine the DTFT Y (e j ) of
n
y[n] (n  1)  [n],   1
• Let x[n]  n  [n],   1
• We can therefore write
y[n] n x[n]  x[n]
• From Table 3.1, the DTFT of x[n] is given
by j 1
X (e ) 
1   e  j
 DTFT Properties
• Using the differentiation property of the
DTFT given in Table 3.2, we observe that
the DTFT of n x[n] is given by
dX (e j ) d  1   e  j
j j   
d d  1   e  j   (1   e  j 2
)
• Next using the linearity property of the
DTFT given in Table 3.2 we arrive at
 j
j e 1 1
Y (e )   j 2
  j
  j 2
(1   e ) 1  e (1   e )
 DTFT Properties
• Example - Determine the DTFT V (e j )of
the sequence v[n] defined by
d 0v[n]  d1v[n  1]  p0 [n]  p1 [n  1]
• From Table 3.1, the DTFT of  [n]is 1
• Using the time-shifting property of the
DTFT given in Table 3.2 we observe that the
j the DTFT of
DTFT of  1] e and
 [n is
v[nis 1] e  jV (e j )
 DTFT Properties
• Using the linearity property of Table 3.2 we
then obtain the frequency-domain
representation of
d 0v[n]  d1v[n  1]  p0 [n]  p1 [n  1]
as
j  j j  j
d 0V (e )  d1e V (e )  p0  p1e
• Solving the above equation we get
 j
j p  p e
V (e )  0 1
d 0  d1e  j
 DTFT Computation Using
MATLAB
• The function freqz can be used to compute
the values of the DTFT of a sequence,
described as a rational function in in
the form of
 j  j M
p  p e  ....  p e
X ( e j )  0 1 M
d 0  d1e  j  ....  d N e  jN
at a prescribed set of discrete frequency
points   
 DTFT Computation Using
MATLAB
• For example, the statement
H = freqz(num,den,w)
returns the frequency response values as a
vector H of a DTFT defined in terms of the
vectors num and den containing the
coefficients { pi } and {di } , respectively at a
prescribed set of frequencies between 0 and
2 given by the vector w
 0 : pi / k : pi;
 DTFT Computation Using
MATLAB
• Example - Plots of the real and imaginary
parts, and the magnitude and phase of the
DTFT
 j  j 2
0.008  0.033 e  0.05 e
 j 3  j 4
j  0.033 e  0.008 e
X (e )   j  j 2
1  2.37 e  2.7 e
 1.6 e  j 3  0.41e  j 4
are shown on the next slide
 DTFT Computation Using
MATLAB
Real part Imaginary part
1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
/ /
Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum
1 5
Phase, radians
Magnitude

0.5 0

0 -5
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
/ /
 DTFT Computation Using
MATLAB
• Note: The phase spectrum displays a
discontinuity of 2 at  = 0.72
• This discontinuity can be removed using the
function unwrap as indicated below
Unwrapped Phase Spectrum
0

-1

-2
Phase, radians

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
w/p