SIGNAL SYNTHESIS&ANALYSIS

Signal:
Is an electric current or electromagnetic field used to convey
data/information from one place to another.
Example of signals are Direct Current, AC current,
electromagnetic waves etc
Out of electronics we can define it as something that represents
information.
Mathematically signal can be defined as a function of one or
more independent variables.
i.e Signal x(t): means signal x is a dependent variable which
depends on independent variable “t”, where by “t” stand for
“time”
Signals
• A signal is a function of time, e.g.,
– f is the force on some mass
– vout is the output voltage of some circuit
– p is the acoustic pressure at some point
• notation:
– f, vout, p or f(.), vout(.), p(.) refer to the whole signal or
function
– f(t), vout(1.2), p(t + 2) refer to the value of the signals
at times t, 1.2, and t + 2, respectively
• for times we usually use symbols like t,  , t1, . . .
Real Signals
• AM radio signal
• FM radio signal
• cable TV signal
• audio signal
• NTSC video signal
• 10BT Ethernet signal
• telephone signal
 Cont…
Signals can be described by three important characteristics:
1. Amplitude
2. Period/Frequency
3. Phase
Amplitude :
Amplitude of a signal is the value of the signal at any point on
the wave.
It is equal to the vertical distance from a given point on the
wave form to the horizontal axis.
The maximum amplitude of wave is equal to the highest value
it reaches on the vertical axis.
Amplitude measured in Volts, Amperes or Watts
 Cont…
Period & Frequency
Period: Amount of time (in seconds) a signal need to complete
one cycle.
Frequency: Number of cycles completed in one second
Frequency is measured in hertz

Phase
Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time
zero.
If we think of the wave as something that can be shifted
backward or forward along the time axis, phase describes the
amount of that shift.
Phase is measured in Degrees or Radians.
 Cont…

A signal can be either Digital or Analog.

•When a signal is analog in nature is called as a Analog Signal

•When a signal is Digital in nature is called as Digital Signal

The word Processing it comes from the word “Process” which

means perform a series of operations on (something) in order to
change, modify, or preserve it.
 Cont…
In DSP the example of operations performed are amplification,
attenuation, filtering etc. These operations result in enhancing,
extracting, storing and transmitting useful information.
Normally signal are carried and being generated by some
Systems . This systems have different properties and behavior
towards the signals
A system that process a digital signal is called Digital Signal
Processor. In our daily life surrounding Signal always exist as
analog in nature.
Basic Element of Digital Signal Processing
 Cont…
 Since most of the signal generated are analog in nature, these
signal are converted to digital form by the analog to digital
converter where by A/D converter generates array of samples
and give them to the DSP.
 The DSP process it (performs some operations on it), the
operations are like filtering, multiplication, amplification,
transformations etc to genearate other digital signal at its
output.

Note: Processors perform signal processing with the help of some

software which decide the type of operations to be performed
to the signals
 Advantage of Digital Signal Processing Over Analog signal
Processing
i. Digital Signal processing systems are flexible :can be
configured for some other operation simply by changing the
software.
ii. Accuracy is higher than analog systems: Analog systems
suffers from components tolerances and break down.
iii. Digital signal can be easily stored in storage media such as
magnetic tapes, disks etc
iv. DSP system are easily upgradable.
v. DSP systems are small in size.
vi. Mathematical operation can be accurately performed on
digital signals compared to analog signals.
 Disadvantages

i. Expensive even for small applications

ii. With a analog signal of wide bandwidth, high speed A/D
converter are required, such A/D of high speed are difficult
to achieve
 Application of Digital Signal Processing

i. Used for voice and speech eg. In speech recognition, voice

mail, speech enhancement etc
ii. Used in telecommunication
iii. Used in military eg. SONAR, Navigation, Radar systems
iv. Used in biomedical engineering in CT scanning, EEG, ECG
etc
v. Used in some industries for the Robots
vi. Used in Graphics and Imaging
 Classifications of Signals

Signals are classified into the following categories:

i.Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
ii.Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Other classification are
i.Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
ii.Even and Odd Signals
iii.Energy and Power Signals
iv.Real and Imaginary Signals
Cont…

Continuous Time Signal

A signal is said to be continuous time signal when it is defined
for all instants of time
At any time signal will be defined with a given value, for
example a sine wave, exponential wave etc
Consider the signal waveforms below:
 Cont…

Discrete Time Signal

A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete
instants of time
 Cont…

Discrete time signal is obtained by time sampling of a

continuous time signals.
In that case discrete signals are defined only at sampling
instants.
•Consider an exponential signal e-t defined at the range -
∞<t<∞ . If this signal is sampled at the time instants separated
by period T. We obtain the discrete time exponential function
defined only at sampling instants 0, ±T , ±2T , ±3T etc.
•Sampling instants are normally represented by tn = nT, that
means the sampled discrete time signal becomes
x(tn )= x(nT )
 Cont…
• That means our exponential signal in discrete form becomes
x(nT )= e-nT for n ≥ 0
= 0 for n
<0
If sampling duration is considered to be equal to 1sec then the
discrete time signal will represented as
x(nT )= e-n for n ≥ 0
= 0 for n
<0
Now if we substitute n=0, 1, 2……the value of x(n) becomes
x(n) = {1, e-1 , e-2 , e-3 , e-4 , e-5 , e-6 , e-7 ,…..}
= {1, 0.368 , 0.135 , 0.049 , 0.018 , 0.0067 ,…..}
 Cont…
Consider another signal which is discrete time cosine wave
x(n) = Cos(0.3πn)
With samples n= 0, ±1 , ±2 , ±3, ±4, ±5 ……………
 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
DIMENSIONALITY

SIGNAL DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

1–D Signal is a function of Speech

a single independent
variable

2-D Signal is a function of Image

2 independent
variables

M-D Signal has more than 2 Video signal

independent variables
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Continuous-time signal
The signal is defined for
every instant of time in a
defined range

Discrete-time signal
The independent variable
(time) is discrete. The
signal is defined at
discrete instants of time
 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

Analog signal
x(t) A continuous-time and
t a continuous
amplitude

A Quantized Signal
discrete in amplitude
xq(t) t but continuous in time
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

• Sampled data signal

has a continuous
amplitude. Amplitude
can take any value
within a specified
range.
• Digital signal is a
discrete-time signal
with discrete-valued
amplitudes
 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

Dimension Type Symbol Independent

variable
1-D Continuous-time v(t) t

1-D Discrete - time {v(n)} n

2-D Continuous-spatial v(x,y) x,y

2-D Discrete - spatial {v(m,n)} m,n

3-D Continuous-time v(x,y,t) x,y,t

and spatial
3-D Continuous-time  r ( x, y , t )  x,y,t
u ( x, y, t )  g ( x, y, t )
and spatial  b( x, y, t ) 
 EXAMPLES OF SIGNAL PROCESSING
APPLICATIONS
DELAY AND REVERBERATION
In a concert hall sound-waves propagate in
all directions and reach the listener from
various directions and at various times
depending on the distance travelled.

Direct Sound -
goes directly to the listener, arrives first,
determines listener perception of location,
size and nature of source.

Early Reflections
reflections from all sides of the room,
arrives at irregular intervals, gives a feel of
the size of the room.

Reverberation
more densely packed echoes arriving after the
early reflections, they are due to multiple
reflections