RAID IN DBMS

INTRODUCTION TO RAID
• In Database Management Systems (DBMS), RAID (Redundant Array of
Independent Disks) is a technology used to enhance data storage
reliability and performance by combining multiple physical disk drives
into a single logical unit.

• Raid is a way of storing the same data in different places on multiple

hard disks to protect data in the case of a drive failure.
These levels contain the following
characteristics:
• It contains a set of physical disk drives.
• In this technology, the operating system views these separate disks as
a single logical disk.
• In this technology, data is distributed across the physical drives of the
array.
• Redundancy disk capacity is used to store parity information.
• In case of disk failure, the parity information can be helped to recover
the data.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES :
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• High performance • Cost
• Data redundancy • Maintenance
• Scalability • Complexity
• Fault tolerance • Potential slowdown
• Increased capacity
• Smoother operations
• Extended drive lifespan
TYPES OF RAID LEVELS:
• Raid-0 : stripping
• Raid-1 : mirroring
• Raid-2 : bit-level stripping with dedicated parity
• Raid-3 : byte-level stripping with dedicated parity
• Raid-4 : block-level stripping with dedicated parity
• Raid-5 : block-level stripping with distributed parity
• Raid-6 : block-level stripping with two parity bits
Raid level – 0 (stripping):
• RAID level 0 divides data into block units and
writes them across a number of disks.
• As data is placed across multiple disks. it is
also called ―data Striping‖.
• The advantage of distributing data over disks
is that if different I/O requests are pending for
two different blocks of data, then there is a
possibility that the requested blocks are on
different disks.
• There is no parity checking of data. So if data
in one drive gets corrupted then all the data
would be lost.
• Thus RAID 0 does not support data recovery.
• Spanning is another term that is used with
RAID level 0 because the logical disk will span
all the physical drives.
• RAID 0 implementation requires minimum 2
disks.
 Raid level – 1 (mirroring):
• Also known as disk mirroring, this configuration
consists of at least two drives that duplicate the
storage of data. There is no striping.
• Read performance is improved since either disk
can be read at the same time. Write performance
is the same as for single disk storage.
• Every write is carried out on both disks. If one
disk in a pair fails, data still available in the other.
• Data loss would occur only if a disk fails, and its
mirror disk also fails before the system is repaired
Probability of combined event is very small.
Raid level–2(bit-level stripping with
dedicated parity):
• This configuration uses striping across
disks, with some disks storing error
checking and correcting (ECC)
information.
• It has no advantage over RAID 3 and is
no longer Each bit of data word is
written to a data disk drive (4 in this
example: 0 to 3).
• Each data word has its Hamming Code
ECC word recorded on the ECC disks.
• On Read, the ECC code verifies correct
data or corrects single disk errors.
Raid level – 3 (Bit-Interleaved
Parity):
• A single parity bit is enough for error correction, not
just detection, since we know which disk has failed
• When writing data, corresponding parity bits must
also be computed and written to a parity bit disk
• To recover data in a damaged disk, compute XOR of
bits from other disks (including parity bit disk)
• I/O operation addresses all the drives at the same
time, RAID 3 cannot overlap I/O. For this reason,
RAID 3 is best for single-user systems with long
record applications.
• The data block is subdivided ('striped') and written
on the data disks. Stripe parity is generated on
Writes, recorded on the parity disk and checked on
Reads.
• RAID Level 3 requires a minimum of 3 drives to
implement.
Raid level – 4 (Block-Interleaved
Parity):
• When writing data block, corresponding
block of parity bits must also be computed
and written to parity disk
• To find value of a damaged block, compute
XOR of bits from corresponding blocks
(including parity block) from other disks.
• Each entire block is written onto a data
disk.
• Parity for same rank blocks is generated on
Writes, recorded on the parity disk and
checked on Reads.
• RAID Level 4 requires a minimum of 3
drives to implement.
Raid level – 5 (block-level stripping
with distributed parity):
• This is a slight modification of This is
a slight modification of the RAID-4
system where the only difference is
that the parity rotates among the
drives. the RAID-4 system where the
only difference is that the parity
rotates among the drives.
• RAID 5 uses striping as well as parity for
redundancy. It is well suited for heavy read and
low write operations.
• Block-Interleaved Distributed Parity; partitions
data and parity among all N + 1 disks, rather
than storing data in N disks and parity in 1 disk
Raid level – 6 (block-level stripping
with two parity bits):
• This technique is similar to RAID 5, but
includes a second parity scheme that is
distributed across the drives in the array.
The use of additional parity allows the
array to continue to function even if two
disks fail simultaneously. However, this
extra protection comes at a cost.
• P+Q Redundancy scheme; similar to
Level 5, but stores extra redundant
information to guard against multiple
disk failures.
• Better reliability than Level 5 at a higher
cost; not used as widely
RAID levels ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES:
RAID Redundancy Usable storage Read pref. Write pref. Best for
0 None 100% High High High-speed,
non-critical data
1 yes 50% High Medium Critical data,
high availability
2 Yes Varies Medium Low Rarely used
3 Yes N-1 Medium Medium Sequential
access
4 Yes N-1 High Medium High read needs
5 Yes N-2 High Medium Balanced
systems
6 yes N-2 high Low-Medium High-
redundancy,
critical
THANK YOU….