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Distributed System

The document provides an overview of distributed systems, defining them as collections of networked computers that communicate via message passing without sharing common memory. It contrasts distributed systems with centralized systems, highlighting their architectures, characteristics, and examples such as web services, online gaming, and financial trading. Additionally, it discusses challenges faced by distributed systems, including heterogeneity, security, and scalability.

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3 views

Distributed System

The document provides an overview of distributed systems, defining them as collections of networked computers that communicate via message passing without sharing common memory. It contrasts distributed systems with centralized systems, highlighting their architectures, characteristics, and examples such as web services, online gaming, and financial trading. Additionally, it discusses challenges faced by distributed systems, including heterogeneity, security, and scalability.

Uploaded by

starboi2777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SYLLABUS

SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
Introduction – Distributed Systems
Definition:
• A distributed system is one in which components located at networked
computers communicate and coordinate their actions only by passing
messages.
• A collection of computers that do not share common memory or a
common physical clock, that communicate by a message passing over a
communication network and where each computer has its own
memory and runs its own operating system.
• Typically, computers are semi-autonomous and are loosely-coupled.
• loosely-coupled-reduces interdependencies among system and
application components.
• Tight coupling refers to a situation where two or more software
components are closely connected and depend on each other to
function properly.
Introduction – Distributed Systems

Difference between a centralized system and a


distributed system

A centralized system has a single point of failure while a


distributed system has no single point of failure.
Introduction – Distributed Systems
• Architectures of distributed systems
1. Client-server
2. Peer-to-peer
3. Multi-tier
4. Service-oriented architecture
Characteristics of Distributed System
1. Resource Sharing
2. Openness
3. Concurrency
4. Scalability
5. Fault tolerance
6. Transparency
Examples of Distributed Systems
• Network Services are,
1. the Internet and the associated World
Wide Web
2. web search,
3.online gaming,
4.email,
5.social networks,
6.eCommerce,
Examples of Distributed Systems
1. Web search:
• The task of a web search engine is to index the entire contents of the
World Wide Web, encompassing a wide range of information styles including
webpages, multimedia sources and (scanned) books.
• the Web consists of over 63 billion pages and one trillion unique web
addresses.
Ex: Google,Yahoo etc.
This infrastructure includes,
an underlying physical infrastructure consisting of very large numbers of
networked computers located at data centre’s all around the world.
a distributed file system designed to support very large files and heavily
optimized for the style of usage required by search and other Google
applications
Examples of Distributed Systems

an associated structured distributed storage system that offers fast access to very large
datasets.
a lock service that offers distributed system functions such as distributed locking and
agreement
a programming model that supports the management of very large parallel and distributed
computations across the underlying physical infrastructure.
Activity: Google – Case study of a modern distributed system
2. Massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs):
Massively multiplayer online games offer an immersive experience whereby very large
numbers of users interact through the Internet with a persistent virtual world.
Ex:Sony’s EverQuest II and EVE Online from the Finnish company CCP Games
The number of players is also rising, with systems able to support over 50,000 simultaneous
online players.
Need of MMOGs: fast response time.
Challenges: the real-time propagation of events to the many players and maintaining a
consistent view of the shared world
Examples of Distributed Systems

A number of solutions have been proposed for the design of massively


multiplayer online games:
1. largest online game, EVE Online, utilises a client-server architecture where a
single copy of the state of the world is maintained on a centralized server
and accessed by client programs running on players’ consoles or other
devices.
2. The goal is then to ensure fast response through optimizing network
protocols and ensuring a rapid response to incoming events.
3. To support this, the load is partitioned by allocating individual ‘star systems’
to particular computers within the cluster, with highly loaded star systems
having their own dedicated computer and others sharing a computer.
4. Incoming events are directed to the right computers within the cluster by
keeping track of movement of players between star systems.
Examples of Distributed Systems

5.Other MMOGs adopt more distributed architectures where the universe is


partitioned across a (potentially very large) number of servers that may also be
geographically distributed.
6.Most commercial systems adopt one of the two models: client server and peer-to-
peer.
3. Financial trading:distributed systems support for financial trading markets.
real-time access to a wide range of information sources
Ex: current share prices and trends, economic and political developments).
• The industry employs automated monitoring and trading applications.
• the communication and processing of items of interest, known as events in
distributed systems, with the need also to deliver events reliably and in a timely
manner to potentially very large numbers of clients who have a stated interest in
such information items.
• Ex: a drop in a share price, the release of the latest unemployment figures, and so on.
Examples of Distributed Systems

• This requires a very different style of underlying architecture , the styles


mentioned above (for example client-server), and such systems typically
employ what are known as distributed event-based systems.

An example of financial trading system


Examples of Distributed Systems
• the sources are typically in a variety of formats, such as Reuters market data events
and FIX events (events following the specific format of the Financial Information
eXchange protocol), and indeed from different even technologies, thus illustrating
the problem of heterogeneity as encountered in most distributed systems.
• the use of adapters which translate heterogeneous formats into a common internal
format.
• the trading system must deal with a variety of event streams, all arriving at rapid
rates, and often requiring real-time processing to detect patterns that indicate
trading opportunities.
• Complex Event Processing (CEP), which offers a way of composing event
occurrences together into logical, temporal or spatial patterns.
• This approach is primarily used to develop customized algorithmic trading
strategies covering both buying and selling of stocks and shares, in particular
looking for patterns that indicate a trading opportunity and then automatically
responding by placing and managing orders.
Examples of Distributed Systems

Example:
• The script detects a complex temporal sequence based on the share prices of Microsoft, HP and a basket of
other share prices, resulting in decisions to buy or sell particular shares.
• This style of technology is increasingly being used in other areas of financial systems including the monitoring
of trading activity to manage risk (in particular, tracking exposure), to ensure compliance with regulations and
to monitor for patterns of activity that might indicate fraudulent transactions.
Focus on Resource Sharing

• we routinely share hardware resources such as printers, data resources such as


files, and resources with more specific functionality such as search engines.
Activity :Case study: The World Wide Web
Challenges

1. Heterogeneity
2. Openness
3. Security
4. Scalability
5. Failure handling
6. Concurrency
7. Transparency
8. Quality of service
Challenges

1.Heterogeneity:
Heterogeneity (that is, variety and difference) applies to all of the following:
• networks;
• computer hardware;
• operating systems;
• programming languages;
• implementations by different developers.
Middleware -The term middleware applies to a software layer that provides a
programming abstraction as well as masking the heterogeneity of the underlying
networks, hardware, operating systems and programming languages.
Ex: CORBA(Common object request broker)
Java Remote method Invocation(RMI) supports only a single programming language
Challenges
• Heterogeneity and mobile code • The term mobile code is used to refer to
program code that can be transferred from one computer to another and run
at the destination – Java applets are an example.
• Code suitable for running on one computer is not necessarily suitable for
running on another because executable programs are normally specific both
to the instruction set and to the host operating system.
• The virtual machine approach provides a way of making code executable on a
variety of host computers: the compiler for a particular language generates
code for a virtual machine instead of a particular hardware order code.
• For example, the Java compiler produces code for a Java virtual machine,
which executes it by interpretation.
• The Java virtual machine needs to be implemented once for each type of
computer to enable Java programs to run.

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