FUNCTIONS OF

STOMATOGNATHIC
IN ORTHODONTICS
Stomatognathics
SALZMANN’S DEFINITION
Stomatognathics is the approach to the practice of orthodontics that takes into consideration the interdependence
between form and function of the teeth, jaw relationship, temporomandibular articulation, craniofacial conformation,
and dental occlusion
The components of
stomatognathics
1. Teeth and their supporting structures
2.Jawbones and their functional osteology
3.Myology of the head
4.Temporomandibular joints Ts
5.Tongue
6.Nerves
7.vascular supply
8.Related structures
The different functions of stomatognathic
system
1. Mastication
2. Deglutition
3. Speech
4. Respiration
Muscles of Mastication and
Their Role in Malocclusion
Mandibular movements are a complex phenomenon. all the muscles that are attached to the
mandible influences the position and movements of the mandible and maintain the head
posture
These muscles are classified into two groups:
1. Supramandibular muscles or elevators of the mandible
2. Inframandibular muscles or depressors of the mandible
SUPRAMANDIBULAR MUSCLES
The following are the submandibular muscles:
1. masseter
2. Temporalis
3. medial pterygoid
4. Lateral pterygoid
INFRAMANDIBULAR MUSCLES
Inframandibular muscles consist of the following
muscles:
1.Digastric
2.geniohyoid
3.Mylohyoid
4.Stylohyoid
Inframandibular muscles are arranged between the cranium and mandible and the hyoid bone.
Their action is to elevate the hyoid bone and or to depress the mandible.
MUSCLE CHANGES DURING
GROWTH
•There is a correlation between the growth of muscles and the development of dentition.
•Development of the muscle is rapid after puberty when the deciduous teeth are replaced
by permanent successors.
•Correlation exists between the growth of muscles of mastication, development of dentition, and
the strength of the mandible.
•Abnormal force to the bone during muscle growth can produce an abnormal form.
Based on their attachments, muscles can
be divided into two groups: periosteal and
tendinous.
MUSCLE FUNCTION AND BONE
DEVELOPMENT
•Muscle function begins in prenatal life itself.
•Muscle function influences the internal arrangement of bones and also induces changes on the
surface of the bones
•osteogenesis proceeds in the opposite direction to muscular stresses
•Between 6 and 10 years of age, there is a steady rate of muscle development
• The development of muscles is rapid during the replacement of deciduous teeth by permanent
teeth
• The child acquires coordinated activity of the voluntary muscles gradually
•The balance of voluntary muscles is easily upset by habits. muscles of facial expression, and
mimetic and vocal muscles are easily influenced by habits
•There are two types of muscle contraction:
i) isotonic – contraction seen with shortening of muscle and i) isometric contraction – no change
in sie of muscles.
•The degree of muscle function determines the Quantity, Quality, structure and form of
the face.
MUSCLE FUNCTION AND
MALOCCLUSION
•Muscle function is an important factor in shaping the dental arches and stability of the teeth
after orthodontic treatment
•abnormal muscle posture or function can cause malocclusion muscle tone is a continuous state
of contraction of the muscle. it is this property of muscle that permits the teeth and jaw
relationship to maintain changes brought about by orthodontic treatment
•Muscles can adapt to new functional patterns and growth changes
•During the retention period, muscles adapt to the new functional pattern brought by
orthodontic treatment
•Insufficient retention causes the inability to achieve muscle balance and then relapse.
Trajectorial Theory of Bone
Formation/Julius Wolff’s Law
•Bone is one of the hardest materials in the body.
•It is also one with higher plastic characteristics and responds extensively to functional forces.
•whenever there is a tussle between bone and soft tissue, bone yields

HISTOLOGY OF BONE
•Mature bone is composed of two kinds of tissue:
i.compact dense in texture like ivory and ii. spongy or cancellous core
•compact bone is always on the exterior aspect of the surrounding bone
•Spongy or cancellous core consists of a meshwork of trabecular pattern within which
intercommunicating spaces or trabeculae are present.
WOLFF’S LAW •In the year 1870, Julius Wolff gave a reason for the
arrangement of the trabecular pattern.
OF
•He attributed that the trabecular arrangement is due to the
TRANSFORMATI functional forces.
ON •A change in the direction and magnitude of force could
OF BONE produce a marked change in the internal architecture and
external form of the bone. This is called ‘Wolff ’s law of
transformation of bone’.
• An increase in function leads to an increase in the density of
bone.
•Lack of function leads to a decrease in trabecular pattern.
•Simply stated, stresses of tension or pressure on bones
stimulate changes within the bone.
Trajectories of Force/
Benninghoff’s Lines
•The trajectorial theory states that the lines of orientation of the bony trabeculae follow the
pathways of maximal pressure and tension,
•Benninghoff did an extensive study on dried craniofacial bones
•He said that stress trajectories or lines of the orientation of the bony trabeculae involve not only
the cancellous bone but also the compact bone.
•These trajectories are formed in direct response to not only functional influences but also
epigenetic influences.
•The intrinsic genetic potential has no role in the formation of trajectories.
•The stress trajectories respond to the demands of functional forces collectively as a unit andnot
as a single bone
•Accordingly, the head is made up of only two functional units: i. craniofacial unit and
ii.mandible.
•These trajectories or functional lines are otherwise called Benninghoff ’s lines.
TRAJECTORIES OF MAXILLA
TRAJECTORIES OF MANDIBLE
Mandible is made of major and minor trajectories
Major Trajectories
•Trabecular columns originate from beneath the teeth in the alveolar process and join together
into a common stress pillar or trajectory system.
•Mandibular canal and nerve are protected by this concentration of trabeculae.
•The thick cortical layer of trabeculae present along the lower border of the mandible offers high
resistance to bending forces.
Minor Trajectories
•Trajectories are also seen at the symphysis, gonial angle
•Tne trabecular pattern is seen running downwards from the coronoid process into the ramus
and body of the mandible.
•The accessory stress trajectories are due to the effect of muscle attachment
 Muscles are a potential force whether they are at rest or in active
function. Teeth and supporting structures of the jaw are under
Buccinator the control of the adjacent muscles. The balance between the
muscles is responsible for the integrity of the dental arches and
Mechanism the relation of teeth to the arches.
Buccinator mechanism is a continuous band of muscles that
encircle the dentition and is firmly anchored at the pharyngeal
tubercle of the occipital bone.
The buccinator mechanism starts with the decussating fibres of
the orbicularis oris joining the right and left fibres of the lip,
which constitute the anterior component of the buccinator
mechanism
It then runs laterally and posteriorly around the corner of the
mouth, joining other fibres of the buccinator muscle, which gets
inserted into the pterygomandibular raphe
Here it mingles with the bres of superior constrictor muscle
and runs posteriorly and mediallyto get fixed to the pharyngeal
tubercle
All these muscles numbering 1, with elasticity and contractility, act like a rubber band
tightly encircling the bone system, the mandible.
Tongue acts opposite to the buccinator mechanism exerting an outward force
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
•Any imbalance in buccinator mechanism leads to malocclusion
•In pernicious oral habits like thumb sucking and tongue thrusting, the e uilibrium between the
buccinator mechanism and tongue is lost. This causes various changes in dentition like:
•constricted maxillary arch
•Increased proclination
•Open bite
Various Functions of
Stomatognathic System
Mastication
mastication can be grouped as infant feeding before teeth eruption – and mature
or adult mastication after teeth eruption.
• Infant feeding
• adult mastication
Infantile Swallow/Retained
Infantile Swallow
•infants consume food by suckling. This is an automatic reflex in human beings.
•infants’ suckling and swallowing proceed together
•In suckle-swallow, there is
•Caving in of the cheeks
•Bobbing of the hyoid bone
•Elongated tongue
•Head extended
•anterior mandibular thrust
•lips pursed around the nipple