FORMWORK

Presented
By
K.Lavanya
M.Tech
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DEFINITION:
 Its is an artificial support provided below and around

the precast or cast insitu concrete work.

 Formwork is commonly made of

 Steel

 wood

 Formwork construction & casting is of prime importance

in concrete industry. It share a significant amount of

concrete cost.
 Formwork is designed according to The ACI document

SP-4. 2
Qualities of formwork:

 It should be water tight

 It should be strong

 It can be reusable

 Its contact surface should be uniform

 It should be according to the size of

member.

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Uses:

 Formwork molds the concrete to

the desired shape and size, and
controls its position and alignment.
 It is used to transfer the

temporary external loads.

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Major objectives considered in
formwork:

 Quality

 Safety

 Economy

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 Quality:

Forms must be designed and built with sufficient

stiffness and accuracy so that the size, shape, position,

and finish of the cast concrete are maintained.

 Safety:

Forms must be built sufficient strength and factor of

safety so that they have the capable of all supporting
loads.

 Economy:

Forms must be built efficiently, minimizing time

and cost..
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Requirements of formwork:
 Material should be cheap and re usable,

 It should be practically water proof, so that it

should not absorb water from concrete,
 Swelling and shrinkage should be minimum,

 Strong enough to with stand all external loads,

 Deflection should be minimum,

 Surface should be smooth, and afford easy striping,

 Light in weight, so that easy to transfer,

 Joints should be stiff, so that lateral deformation

and leak is minimum .

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THREE STAGES:

a) Assembly and erection

b) Concrete placement

c) Stripping and dismantling

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TYPES OF FORMWORK:
 Temporary Structure

Temporary structure required to

safely support concrete until it reaches
adequate strength
 Permanent Structure

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Formwork detail for different
structural members
In concrete construction formwork is
commonly provided for the following
structural members.
o Wall
o Column
o Slabs & Beams
o Stairs
o Chimneys
o Water tanks
o Cooling Towers
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 Formwork for Wall
 It consists of
• Timber sheeting
• Vertical posts
• Horizontal members
• Rackers
• Stakes
• Wedges
 After completing
one side of
formwork
reinforcement is
provided at the
place then the
second side
formwork is
provided.
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Wall forms:
 Wall forms principally resist the lateral pressure

generated by fresh concrete as a liquid or semi liquid

material.
 The pressure can be quite large, certainly many times
the magnitude of live loads on permanent floors.
 So design often involves closely spaced and well-

supported members.
 Snap ties, flat ties, loop ties are single use ties usually

relatively low capacity 680 kg to 1450 kg.

 Coil ties, he bolts, she bolts are left embedded in

concrete , or it can be reused.

 The tension capacity of heavy ties around 27,230 kg.

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Wall forms:

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Formwork for Column
It consists of
the following
Side & End
Planks
Yoke
Nut & Bolts
Two end & two
side planks are
joined by the
yokes and bolts.

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Column
forms:
 Column-forms materials tend to vary with the column
shape.
 Wood or steel is often used with square or rectangular

column.
 Round column forms more typically pre manufactured in a

range of standard diameters, are available in steel, paper

board, and fiber reinforced plastic.
 Round column are more structural efficient compared to

square, since the internal pressures can be resisted by

the hoop membrane.
 Round steel forms are generally used for larger columns

and bridge piers and come in diameters about 0.36m to

3mts..
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Formwork for columns

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 Formwork for Slabs & beams:
 It consists of
 Sole plates
 Wedges
 Props
 Head tree
 Planks
 Batten
 Ledgers
 Beam formwork
rests on head
tree
 Slab form work
rests on battens
and joists
 If prop height
are more than 8’
provide
horizontal
braces. 18
Lintel or Beam Formwork:

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FORMWORK FOR SLAB:

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FORMWORK FOR
STAIRS:

It consists of
Vertical &
inclined posts
Inclined
members

Wooden Planks
or sheeting
Stringer
Riser Planks

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FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:
 The sheathing or decking for deck slabs is

carried on cross-joists which are in turn

supported on raking ledgers
 The ledgers are generally of 7.5cm x 10cm size

.
 The cross- joists may be 5cm x 10cm size

 The riser planks are 4-5 cm thick and equal to

the height of riser

 The riser planks are placed after the
reinforcement is placed in position 22
FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:

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FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:

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 FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:

For tall chimneys two types of forms

techniques are in generally use in our
country

a) Jump form

b) Slip form

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 Jump Form:
 In this type jacking bars are either cast

in concrete or else are carried in tubes

which are cast in concrete.
 After casting a lift, concrete is allowed to

set and then the forms are raised by

jacks and the next lift is cast.
 Jacks are usually placed about 2m apart

and are designed.

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Slip Form:
 The slip form method of concrete

construction is used for forming both

horizontal and vertical concrete
structures.
 It often used for forming highway

pavements as continuous operation.

 Slip form methods is also been used for

forming various types of vertical concrete

structures. 28
FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:

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FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:

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 Removal of formwork:
 Time of formwork removal depends on the following factors

1. Type of Cement

1. Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as

compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement)
2. Ratio of concrete mix

1. Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as compared to

weak ratio concrete.
3. Weather condition

1. Hydration process accelerates in hot weather conditions

as compared to cold and humid weather conditions.

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 Time of Removal of
formwork:
Sr OPC Rapid
. (Ordinary Hardeni
N
Structural Member
Portland
Cement)
ng
o
Cement
1 Beam sides, walls & 2-3 Days 2 Days
Columns
2 Slab (Vertical Supports remains 4 Days 3 Days
intact)

3 Slab (Complete Formwork 10 Days 5 Days

removal)

4 Beams (Removal of Sheeting, 8 Days 5 Days

Props remains intact)

5 Beams & Arches (Complete 14 Days 5-8 Days

formwork removal) (up to 6 m span)

6 Beams & Arches (Complete 21 Days 8-10 Days

formwork removal) (more than 6 m
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span)
Maintenance of formwork:
Due to continuous use wooden planks & steel

plates surfaces become uneven and require

maintenance.
For wooden formwork use cardboard or

plastic fiber board. Bolt hole places must also

be repaired.
For steel formwork plates must be leveled by

mallet and loose corners must be welded.

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Cost of formwork
 For normal works cost of formwork is about 30%-

40% of the concrete cost.

 For special works cost of formwork is about 50%-

60% of the concrete cost.

 Formwork cost is controlled by the following

factors
• Formwork Material cost

• Formwork erecting cost

• Formwork removal cost

• Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables)

• Labor charges. 34
Advantages of steel form work:

 It can be used for a no. of times.

 It is non absorbent.

 Smooth finish surface obtained.

 No shrinkage of formwork occurs.

 Easy to use.

 Its volume is less

 Its strength is more.

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LOADS ON FORMWORK:
Formwork is subjected to following loads:
a) Dead weight of concrete
b) Hydrostatic pressure of the concrete
c) Live load due to working laborers
d) Impact effect at the time of pouring
concrete into the formwork
e) Vibrations transmitted to formwork
during pouring concrete
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FORMWORK DESIGN
Guiding points in the Design of formwork
 For design purpose, temporary live load due to

labor and equipment including impact may be

taken from 3700N/m2 to 4000N/m2
 Dead weight of wet concrete (26000 N/m 3)

 Planks or boards used to form the vertical facing

of the columns or walls is known as sheathing

whereas those used for floor slabs are called
decking
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 The hydrostatic pressure due to fluidity of concrete

in the initial stages of pouring depends upon

several factors such as amount of water, size of
aggregates, rate of pouring etc.,
 The hydrostatic pressure is maximum at the time of

pouring, but after some time it starts decreasing, as

concrete starts setting and hardening. This
pressure is mainly dependent on the depth of
concrete poured before it starts setting
 Deflection of the sheathing and joists should be

limited to a maximum value of 2.5mm

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Contd...
 The minimum wind design pressure q not

less than 15 psf and bracing should be

designed for at least

w =46 kg/ft- length applied to the

top
 The minimum lateral load w, for design of

bracing system would be greater than,

q .(h/2) or 46 kg/ft
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Contd...

For design practice the maximum pressure

is given by:
p = wh
Where,
p => lateral pressure of concrete,
w => unit weight of concrete,
h => depth of fluid or plastic
concrete.

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Contd...
For horizontal pressure of concrete is given by:
For walls constructing R less than 2.1m/hr;
p =150+9000(R/T)
For walls constructing R varies from
2.1m/hr to 3m/hr;
p = 150+(43,400/T)+2800(R/T)
For columns 3m/hr;
p = 150+9000(R/T)
Where, R => rate of vertical placement,
T => time for placement.
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DESIGN OF SLAB FORMWORK:

Design of slab forms can be summarized in the following design

steps:
 Step 1: Estimate design loads

 Step 2: Determine sheathing thickness and spacing of its

supports (joist spacing)

 Step 3: Determine joist size and spacing of supports (stringer

spacing)
 Step 4: Determine stringer size and span (shore spacing)

 Step 5: Perform shore design to support stringers

 Step 6: Check bearing stresses

 Step 7: Design lateral bracing

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