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2301integration by Substitution

The Substitution Rule allows for the simplification of integrals by substituting a variable u for a function g(x), enabling easier integration. It is essential to find an appropriate substitution to simplify the integral effectively. The document also discusses the substitution rule for definite integrals and the properties of even and odd functions in relation to integration.

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25 views11 pages

2301integration by Substitution

The Substitution Rule allows for the simplification of integrals by substituting a variable u for a function g(x), enabling easier integration. It is essential to find an appropriate substitution to simplify the integral effectively. The document also discusses the substitution rule for definite integrals and the properties of even and odd functions in relation to integration.

Uploaded by

nailaprofessor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Substitution Rule

The Substitution Rule


• If u=g(x) is differentiable function whose range is an
interval I, and f is continuous on I, then

f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx f (u )du


• The Substitution rule is proved using the Chain Rule for
differentiation.
• The idea behind the substitution rule is to replace a
relatively complicated integral by a simpler integral.
This is accomplished by changing from the original
variable x to a new variable u that is a function of x.
• The main challenge is to think of an appropriate
substitution.
Example

 x  2  dx
5
Let u  x  2
du dx
u du
5

The variable of integration


must match the variable in
1 6 the expression.
u C
6
Don’t forget to substitute the value
x  2
6
for u back into the problem!
C
6
Substitution rule examples

e
2x
Example To compute dx set u 2 x.
1
Then du 2dx  dx  du and
2 We computed du by
1 u 1 u straightforward
 
2x
e dx  e du  e C differentiation of the
2 2
expression for u.
1
 e2 x  C
2

The substitution u = 2x was suggested by the function to be integrated.


The main problem in integrating by substitution is to find the right
substitution which simplifies the integral so that it can be computed by the
table of basic integrals.
Example about choosing the
substitution
x1
Example Compute  x
dx.

Here one is tempted to try the substitution u  x  1, x u  1,


x 1 u
dx du. One gets  x
dx 
u 1
du. This is not any easier.

Solution Substitute u  x  1. Then x 1  u 2,


dx
and du   dx 2udu. This rewriting allows us to
2 x1 finish the computation using
basic formulae.
x1 u  1 
 x
dx  
1 u 2
2udu  2  1  2 
 1 u 
du 2u  2arctan(u )  C

Next substitute back to x1


the original variable. Hence  x
dx 2 x  1  2arctan( x  1)  C
The substitution rule for
definite integrals
If g’ is continuous on [a,b], and f is
continuous on the range of u=g(x) then
b g (b )

f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx   f (u )du


a g (a)
The substitution rule for
definite integrals
e
ln x
Example Compute  dx.
1
x
The substitution t ln x is suggested by
ln x
the function to be integrated. We have
x
x 1  t 0 and x e  t 1.

e 1 1
ln x t  1 2
Hence  dx  tdt    .
1
x 0
2 0 2
1 e

The area of the yellow domain is ½.


Example


2
tan
4
x sec x dx
0
new limit Let u tan x
1
u du
0
du sec 2 x dx
new limit
1
u 0  tan 0 0
1 2 Find new
u   
2 0 u   tan 1 limits
 4 4
1
2
Example

1
 3x
2 3
x  1 dx Let u  x 3  1 u  1 0
1
2
du 3 x dx u 1 2
1
2
u
0
2
du

3 2
2 Don’t forget to use the new limits.
u 2
3 0

2 3
2 4 2
2 2  2 2 
3 3 3
Integrals of Even and Odd
Functions
Theorem

Assume that f is an even function, i.e., that


a a
f  x  f  x  x. Then f x dx 2f x dx.
a 0

Theorem

Assume that f is an odd function, i.e., that


a
f  x   f  x  x. Then f x dx 0.
a
Integrals of Even and Odd
Functions 


5 7
Problem Compute x cos xdx.

Solution
Observe that the function x 5 cos7 x is odd.
Since the interval of integration is symmetric with


5 7
respect to the origin, x cos x dx 0.


An odd function is symmetric with respect


to the origin. The definite integral from -a
to a, in the case of the function shown in
-a
this picture, is the area of the blue domain
minus the area of the red domain. By a
symmetry these areas are equal, hence the
integral is 0.

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