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ppt03. Constructing Probability Distribution

The document outlines the construction of probability distributions for discrete random variables, including the probability mass function and histograms. It provides examples of calculating probabilities for various events, such as rolling dice and drawing cards, and includes activities for determining probabilities of different outcomes. Additionally, it discusses properties of probability distributions and includes quizzes and individual activities for practice.

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Naize Jann sentones
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19 views37 pages

ppt03. Constructing Probability Distribution

The document outlines the construction of probability distributions for discrete random variables, including the probability mass function and histograms. It provides examples of calculating probabilities for various events, such as rolling dice and drawing cards, and includes activities for determining probabilities of different outcomes. Additionally, it discusses properties of probability distributions and includes quizzes and individual activities for practice.

Uploaded by

Naize Jann sentones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Constructing

Probability
Distributions
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete
random variable and its properties;
• Compute probabilities corresponding to a given
random variable; and
• Construct the probability mass function of a
discrete random variable and its corresponding
histogram.
Entry Card
Find the Probability of the following events.
Event (E) Probability
P(E)
1. Getting an even number in a single roll of
a die.
2. Getting a sum of 6 when two dice are
rolled.
3. Getting an ace when a card is drawn from
a deck
4. The probability that all children are boys
if a couple has three children.
Find the Probability of the following events.
Event (E) Probability
P(E)
5. Getting an odd number and a tail when a
die is rolled and a coin is tossed
simultaneously.
6. Getting a sum of 11 when two dice are
rolled.
7. Getting doubles when two dice are rolled.
Activity 1: Number of Tails
Supposed three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of tails
that occur. Find the probability of each of the
values of the random variable Y.
Solution:
• Step 1:
Determine the sample space. Let H represent
head and T represent tail.
The sample space for this experiment is:
S = (TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH,
HHH)
• Step 2:
Count the number of tails in each outcome in the
sample space and assign this number to this
outcome.
Value of the Random
Possible Outcome
Variable Y
TTT 3
Legend:
TTH 2
Y = Random
THT 2 variable
representing
HTT 2 the number of
HHT 1 Tails
H = Head
HTH 1 T = Tail

THH 1
HHH 0
• Step 3:
There are four possible values of the random
variable Y representing the number of tails. There
are 0, 1, 2, and 3. Assign probability values P(Y) to
each value of the random variable.
Number of Tails Y Probability P(Y)

There are 8 possible


0 outcomes and no tail occur
once.
There are 8 possible
1 outcomes and 1 tail occur
three times.
There are 8 possible
2 outcomes and 2 tails occur
three times.
There are 8 possible
3 outcomes and 3 tails occur
once.
Table 1.1 The Probability Distribution or the
Probability Mass Function of Discrete Random
Variable Y

Number of Tails Y 0 1 2 3

Probability P(Y)
Discrete Probability
Distribution
A discrete probability distribution or a
probability mass function consists of values a
random variable can assume and the
corresponding probabilities of the values.
Activity 2: Number of Blue
Balls
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 red balls
and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue balls. Construct
the probability distribution of the random variable
Z.
Solution:
• Step 1
Determine the sample space. Let B represent the
blue ball and R represent the red ball.
The sample space for this experiment is:
S = (RR, RB, BR, BB)
• Step 2
Count the number of blue balls in each outcome
in the sample space and assign this number to
this outcome.
Value of the Random Legend:
Possible Outcome
Variable Z Z = Random
variable
RR 0 representing
RB 1 the number of
Blue balls
BR 1 B = Blue ball
R = Red ball
BB 2
• Step 3:
There are three possible values of the random
variable Z representing the number of blue balls.
These are 0, 1, and 2. Assign probability values
P(Z) to each value of random variable.
Number of Blue
Probability P(Z)
Balls Z

There are 4 possible


0 outcomes and no blue ball
occur once.
There are 4 possible
1 outcomes and 1 blue ball
occur twice.
There are 4 possible
2 outcomes and 2 blue ball
occur once.
Table 1.2 The Probability Distribution or the
Probability Mass Function of Discrete Random
Variable Z
The Histogram for the
Number of Blue Probability Distribu-
0 1 2 tion of the Discrete
Balls Z
Random Variable Z

Probability P(Z)
Probability P(Z) 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Number of Blue Balls


Histogram
• Histogram is a bar graph.
• To construct histogram for a probability
distribution, follow these steps.
 Plot the values of the random variable along the
horizontal axis.
 Plot the probabilities along the vertical axis.
The Histogram for the Probability Distribution
of the Discrete Random Variable Z
0.6

0.5
Probability P(Z)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Number of Blue Balls


Activity 3: Defective Cell
Phones
Supposed three cell phones are tested at
random. Let D represent the defective cell phone
and let N represent the non-defective cell phone.
If we let X be the random variable for the number
of defective cell phone, construct the probability
distribution of the random variable X.
Solution:
• Step 1:
Determine the sample space. Let D represent the defective
cell phone and N represent the non-defective cell phone.
The sample space for this example is:
S = (NNN, NND, NDN, DNN, NDD, DND, DDN,
DDD)
• Step 2:
Count the number of defective cell phone in each outcome
in the sample space and assign this number to this outcome.
Value of the Random
Possible Outcome Legend:
Variable X
D= Defective
NNN 0 cell phone
N= Non-
NND 1 defective cell
phone
NDN 1
X= Random
DNN 1 variable
representing
NDD 2 the number of
defective cell
DND 2 phones
DDN 2
DDD 3
• Step 3:
There are four possible values of the random
variable X representing the number of defective
cell phones. These are 0, 1, 2, and 3. Assign
probability values P(X), to each value of the
random variable.
Number of
Defective Cell Probability P(X)
phones X

There are 8 possible outcomes and


0 no defective cell phone occur
once.
There are 8 possible outcomes and
1 1 defective cell phone occur three
times.
There are 8 possible outcomes and
2 2 defective cell phone occur three
times.
There are 8 possible outcomes and
3 3 defective cell phone occur once.
Table 1.3 The Probability Distribution or the
Probability Mass Function of Discrete Random
Variable X

Number of Defective Cell


0 1 2 3
phone X

Probability P(X)
The Histogram for the Probability Distri-
bution of the Discrete Random Variable X
0.4
0.35
Probability P(X)

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

Number of Defective Cellphones (x)


Properties of a Probability
Distribution
1. The probability of each value of the random
variable must be between or equal to 0 and 1.
In symbol, we write it as .
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the
random variable must be equal to 1. In symbol,
we write it as
Quiz:
Determine whether the distribution represents a
probability distribution. Write PD if it represents a
probability distribution and NPT if NOT.
1. X 1 5 8 7 9
P(X)

2. X 0 2 4 6 8
P(X)
3. X 1 2 3 5
P(X)

4. X 4 8 12 15 17
P(X)

5. X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY:
1. A shipment of five computers contains two
that are slightly defective. If a retailer receives
three of these computer at random, list the
elements of the sample space S using the letters
D and N for defective and non-defective
computers, respectively. To each sample point
assign a value x of the random variable X
representing the number of computers purchased
by the retailer which are slightly defective.
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
2. Using the sample space for rolling two dice,
construct a probability distribution for the random
variable X representing the sum of the numbers that
appear. Draw the graph of the probability distribution.

3. The probabilities that a customer buys 2,3,4,5, or 6


items in a convenience store are 0.32, 0.12, 0.23, 0.18,
and 0.15, respectively. Construct the data and draw a
histogram of the distribution.
Thank you for
listening…

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