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Lecture 2

The document discusses various sampling methods, including random and nonrandom techniques, and highlights the importance of statistical data collection in research. It categorizes data into qualitative and quantitative types, further dividing them into subgroups such as dichotomic, polynomic, discrete, and continuous variables. Additionally, it emphasizes the organization and description of data through graphical representations like Pareto diagrams.

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2 views

Lecture 2

The document discusses various sampling methods, including random and nonrandom techniques, and highlights the importance of statistical data collection in research. It categorizes data into qualitative and quantitative types, further dividing them into subgroups such as dichotomic, polynomic, discrete, and continuous variables. Additionally, it emphasizes the organization and description of data through graphical representations like Pareto diagrams.

Uploaded by

ts4mr7ptcp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫‪Lecture 2‬‬

‫م‪.‬توجان الجغبير‬
Sampling methods
Sampling methods can be:
• random (each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected)
• nonrandom

The actual process of sampling causes sampling


errors. For example, the sample may not be large
enough or representative of the population. Factors not
related to the sampling process cause nonsampling
errors. A defective counting device can cause a
nonsampling error.
Random sampling methods
• simple random sample (each sample of the same size has an
equal chance of being selected)
• stratified sample (divide the population into groups called
strata and then take a sample from each stratum)
• cluster sample (divide the population into strata and then
randomly select some of the strata. All the members from
these strata are in the cluster sample.)
• systematic sample (randomly select a starting point and take
every n-th piece of data from a listing of the population)
Statistical data
The collection of data that are relevant to the problem
being studied is commonly the most difficult, expensive,
and time-consuming part of the entire research project.
Statistical data are usually obtained by counting or
measuring items.
Primary data are collected specifically for the analysis desired
Secondary data have already been compiled and are available for
statistical analysis
A variable is an item of interest that can take on many
different numerical values.
A constant has a fixed numerical value.
Data
Statistical data are usually obtained by counting or
measuring items. Most data can be put into the
following categories:
• Qualitative - data are measurements that each fail
into one of several categories. (hair color, ethnic
groups and other attributes of the population)
• quantitative - data are observations that are
measured on a numerical scale (distance traveled
to college, number of children in a family, etc.)
Qualitative data
Qualitative data are generally described by words or
letters. They are not as widely used as quantitative data
because many numerical techniques do not apply to the
qualitative data. For example, it does not make sense to
find an average hair color or blood type.
Qualitative data can be separated into two subgroups:
dichotomic (if it takes the form of a word with two options
(gender - male or female)
polynomic (if it takes the form of a word with more than two
options (education - primary school, secondary school and
university).
Quantitative data
Quantitative data are always numbers and are the
result of counting or measuring attributes of a population.
Quantitative data can be separated into two
subgroups:
• discrete (if it is the result of counting (the number of students
of a given ethnic group in a class, the number of books on a
shelf, ...)
• continuous (if it is the result of measuring (distance traveled,
weight of luggage, …)
Types of variables
Variables

Qualitative Quantitative

Dichotomic Polynomic Discrete Continuous

Children in family, Amount of income


Gender, marital Brand of Pc, hair
Strokes on a golf tax paid, weight of a
status color
hole student
Using a random number table to
select samples
Organization and Description of
Data
Statistical data obtained from surveys,
experiments or any series of measurements :
1- Sometimes it may be satisfactory to present
data just as they are and let them speak for
themselves ( ex.: simple graphics use Pareto
diagrams and Dot diagram )
2- It may be necessary to group data and
present the result in tabular or graphical form
( ex.: Frequency distribution , Histogram ….etc)
Pareto Diagram
• It is a display which orders each type of failure
or defect according to its frequency
• Can help engineers identify important defects
and their causes .
Pareto Diagram
•Thank You

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