Hyperbolic

Functions
Twitter: @Owen134866

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 Prior Knowledge Check
1) Solve the equation: 3) Show that:
𝜋

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 12 ( 1+𝑒𝜋 )

0

1+ √ 3 Correctly shown!
𝑙𝑛
2

2) Show that:
1 2
2
−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ≡1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Correctly shown!
Teachings for
Exercise 6A
 Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic
functions using
trigonometry and
exponential functions

Hyperbolic functions are part of

the ‘conic sections’

 Unfortunately, this chapter

does not give a wide picture
of this area

 If you would like to learn

more about these and fill in
some of the gaps, I suggest
the Further Pure 1 textbook,
Chapter 3!

6A
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-algebra-
ii-with-trigonometry-concepts/section/10.
0/

Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic Ellipse (FP1 CH3)
functions using Circle  If the plane is tilted
trigonometry and  If the plane is but still intersects the
exponential functions horizontal cone on both sides
 eg)  eg)

Hyperbolic functions are part of

the ‘conic sections’

 The ‘conic sections’ arise

from the idea of a plane
Parabola Hyperbola
intersecting one or two
 If the plane is  If the plane is
‘nappes’ of a cone (each
parallel to the vertical or tilted so it
‘side’ is called a ‘nappe’) slope of the cone intersects both sides
 eg)  eg)

 You will be familiar with

some of the shapes formed
(in each case, the cone is
vertical)

6A
 Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic
functions using
trigonometry and
exponential functions
𝑦 𝟐 𝟐 𝑦
𝒙 − 𝒚 =𝟏

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 =𝟏 ?
?
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜃 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

For the unit circle with equation , So we are going to try and describe points
mathematicians found they could describe it on this curve parametrically…
parametrically using and

A natural follow on question was whether

the same could be done for the hyperbolic
shape

6A
 Hyperbolic Functions
2 2
You can define hyperbolic 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ≡1
functions using Divide all by
2 2
trigonometry and 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ≡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
exponential functions Subtract
𝟐 𝟐 𝑦 2
1 ≡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
2
𝒙 − 𝒚 =𝟏 Let and
2 2
1= 𝑥 − 𝑦
?
So the curve can be described with
parametric equations and
𝑥
 It is really important to note that for this,
does not represent the angle of the point
from the origin, as for the unit circle

 It is basically just a third parameter, used

in the same was we use for parametric
So we are going to try and describe points
equations…
on this curve parametrically…
 This way is the simplest to derive, but is
not the way that is used in this chapter
though!
(this method is used in FP1 Chapter 3)
6A
 Hyperbolic Functions
2 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 =1 Let and
You can define hyperbolic
functions using
( ) ( ) =1
2 2
𝑒 𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝑡
trigonometry and −
exponential functions 2 2
Expand
𝟐 𝟐 𝑦 bracket
𝒙 − 𝒚 =𝟏 2𝑡
𝑒 +2 𝑒 +𝑒
0 −2 𝑡 2𝑡
𝑒 − 2𝑒 +𝑒
0 − 2𝑡
s
− =1
4 4
0
? 2𝑡 −2 𝑡 2𝑡 −2 𝑡
2 𝑒 =1
𝑒 +2+𝑒 𝑒 − 2+𝑒
− =1
4 4
Write as a single
2𝑡 −𝑡𝑥 2𝑡 − 2𝑡 fraction (careful with
𝑥 𝑒 +2+𝑒 − 𝑒 +2 − 𝑒 the signs)
=1
4
Simplify left side
4
=1
4

So we are going to try and describe points So the original relationship can also be
on this curve parametrically… written parametrically using and

6A
 Hyperbolic Functions 𝑦

You can define hyperbolic 𝟐

𝒙 + 𝒚 =𝟏
𝟐

functions using ?
trigonometry and
exponential functions 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜃
𝑥
 Similar to the unit circle, the horizontal 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
distances are described using sine and
cosine, but in this case sinh and cosh
(sinh means ‘hyperbolic sine’)

 We also just saw that the horizontal 𝟐 𝟐 𝑦

and vertical distances can be 𝒙 − 𝒚 =𝟏
described using and
?
 It therefore follows that:

𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝜃
𝜃
𝑒 −𝑒
−𝜃
𝑒 +𝑒
𝜃 −𝜃 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝜃= and 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝜃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝜃
2 2
(Remember that is just being used as
a third parameter now, not an angle)

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑥
You can define hyperbolic 𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥=
functions using 𝑐𝑜𝑠h𝑥
trigonometry and Replace using the
exponential functions 𝑒 −𝑒
𝑥 −𝑥 relationships
2 above
¿ 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒
2 Multiply numerator
 You can then use the above and denominator by
to describe hyperbolic tan… 𝑒 −𝑒
𝑥 −𝑥 2
¿ 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒
Multiply all terms
2𝑥
by
𝑒 −1
¿ 2𝑥
𝑒 +1

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic
functions using
trigonometry and
exponential functions

 Make sure you know how to

say them!
(although if you check online You will not need these directly in this chapter or
you will find a variety of for your exam, but if you are confident you can
different ways that are used…)
use them!
(Shine 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2 (cosetch) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐h 𝑥= 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
or
sinch)
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 = (setch) 𝑠𝑒𝑐h 𝑥=
(cosh) 2
𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒
−𝑥

2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑒 −1 𝑒 +1
(tanch) 𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2𝑥 (coth) 𝑐𝑜𝑡h𝑥= 2𝑥
𝑒 +1 𝑒 −1

You do not get given these in

the formula booklet…
6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
functions using 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
trigonometry and
exponential functions Sub in
3 −3
𝑒 −𝑒
sinh 3=
2
Find, to 2 decimal places, the Calculate
value of:
¿ 1 0.02

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑥
functions using 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2
trigonometry and
exponential functions Sub in
1 −1
𝑒 +𝑒
cosh 3=
2
Find, to 2 decimal places, the Calculate
value of:
¿ 1 .54

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic 2𝑥
𝑒 −1
functions using 𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥= 2𝑥
𝑒 +1
trigonometry and
exponential functions Sub in
2 (0.8)
𝑒 −1
tanh 0.8= 2( 0.8 )
𝑒 +1
Find, to 2 decimal places, the Calculate
value of:
¿ 0 .66

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic 𝑒 −1
2𝑥

functions using 𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥= 2𝑥

𝑒 +1
trigonometry and Sub in
exponential functions
𝑒 2 𝑙𝑛 4 − 1
tanh ( 𝑙𝑛 4 )=
𝑒2 𝑙𝑛 4 +1
Find the exact value of: Use the
2
power law
𝑒 𝑙𝑛 4 − 1
¿ 2

𝑒 𝑙𝑛 4 +1
Simplify
2
4 −1
¿ 2
4 +1
Calculate
15
¿
17

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
You can define hyperbolic 2
Sub in
functions using
trigonometry and 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
5=
exponential functions 2
Multiply both sides by 2
𝑥 −𝑥
10=𝑒 − 𝑒
Find the value of for which .
Give your answer to 2 decimal Multiply both sides by
𝑥 2𝑥
places. 10 𝑒 = 𝑒 −1
Subtract
2𝑥 𝑥
0=𝑒 − 10 𝑒 − 1
Let
2
0= 𝑦 − 10 𝑦 −1
Solve using your preferred
method (or one which you do not
𝑦 =5 ± √ 26 prefer…)
Remember there is only
a solution if is positive
𝑒 = 5+ √ 26
𝑥

Take natural logarithms

𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 5 + √ 26 )
Calculat
e
𝑥=2.31
6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝒙
𝑦 𝒚 =𝒆
You can define hyperbolic
functions using
trigonometry and 𝒆 𝒙 −𝒆 − 𝒙
exponential functions 𝒚= = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
𝟐
𝟏
 You can also sketch 𝑥
hyperbolic functions…

−𝟏
 Starting with the function for

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 −𝒙
𝑦=
2 𝒚 =−𝒆
Write
differently
( 𝑒𝑥 ) + ( − 𝑒− 𝑥 )
𝑦=
2

 You can think of this as the

mean of the graphs and

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝒙
𝒚 =−𝒆 − 𝒙 𝑦 𝒚 =𝒆
You can define hyperbolic
functions using
trigonometry and 𝒆 𝒙 + 𝒆− 𝒙
exponential functions 𝒚= =𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
𝟐
𝟏
 You can also sketch 𝑥
hyperbolic functions…

 Now let’s look at the function

for
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦=
2 The shape of is a catenary!
Write
differently
( 𝑒 𝑥 ) + ( 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑦=
2
(Catenary
comes from the
latin word
 You can think of this as the
catēna, meaning
mean of the graphs and ‘chain’)

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
You can define hyperbolic Separate
functions using 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥

trigonometry and ¿ −
2 2
exponential functions
𝑦 𝒚 =𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝑥
Rewrite
𝑒 1
¿ − 𝑥
2 2𝑒

As , As ,

𝑒𝑥 1
≈ ≈− 𝑥
2 2𝑒

𝑒− 𝑥
≈−
𝑥 2
So as , the sides of the graph tend towards the graphs of
(left) and (right)

Also, for any value of :

(same as for the sine graph)

 This means that is an odd function (has rotational

symmetry about the origin)
(Drawn using
Desmos) 6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2
You can define hyperbolic Separate
functions using 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥

trigonometry and ¿ +
2 2
exponential functions Rewrite
𝑦 𝒚 =𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝑒
𝑥
1
¿ + 𝑥
2 2𝑒

As , As ,

𝑒𝑥 1
≈ ≈ 𝑥
2 2𝑒

𝑒− 𝑥
≈
2
So as , the sides of the graph tend towards the graphs of
(left) and (right)

Also, for any value of :

(same as for the cosine

𝑥 graph)
 This means that is an even function (has reflection
(Drawn using symmetry in the y-axis)
Desmos)

6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic
functions using
trigonometry and
exponential functions

Sketch the graph of

sinh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥=
cosh 𝑥 When
sinh 0
tanh 0= sinh 𝑥
cosh 0 tanh 𝑥=
Calculat cosh 𝑥
0 e
¿ As , we can use the As , we can use the
1 approximations on the approximations on the
Simplify
¿0 previous slides previous slides

So the curve will pass through (0,0) 𝑥

𝑒 𝑒− 𝑥
−
2 2
tanh 𝑥 ≈ tanh 𝑥 ≈
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥

2 2

≈1 ≈ −1
So there will be asymptotes at and
6A
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can define hyperbolic
functions using
trigonometry and
exponential functions

Sketch the graph of

The curve will pass through (0,0)
There will be asymptotes at and

𝑦 𝒚 =𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙
𝒚 =𝟏

𝒚 =−𝟏

6A
Teachings for
Exercise 6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝒚 =𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic
𝒚 =𝒙
functions

The inverse of is or

𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
 Remember that an inverse
function is a reflection of the
original function in the line

 Also remember that an

inverse only exists when a
function is one-to-one

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝒚 =𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
𝒚 =𝒙
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic
functions

The inverse of is or

𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
 Since the function is many-to-
one, it needs to be restricted
to a domain of in order to
have an inverse

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙
𝒚 =𝒙
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic
functions

The inverse of is or

𝒚 =𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙
 Since the function has a
range of , this will become the
domain of the inverse function

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic
functions

𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙

𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙

Domain Domain Domain

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to use 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥
the inverse hyperbolic Inverse
functions 𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑦=𝑥
Replace using the
𝑦
𝑒 −𝑒 −𝑦 expression we saw in
=𝑥 section 6A
The inverse hyperbolic functions 2
Multiply by 2
can also be expressed using
logarithms… 𝑦
𝑒 −𝑒
−𝑦
=2 𝑥
Show that Multiply by
2𝑦 𝑦
𝑒 − 1=2 𝑥 𝑒
Subtract
 Let 𝑒
2𝑦
− 2 𝑥 𝑒 −1=0
𝑦

Complete the square for

the first two terms
( 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥 )2 − ( 𝑥 )2 − 1= 0
Add
( 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥 )2= 𝑥 2 +1
Square root

𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥=± √ 𝑥 2 +1
Add
𝑒 𝑦 =𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 2 +1

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to use 𝑒 𝑦 =𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 2 +1
the inverse hyperbolic
functions
It is clearly true that:

The inverse hyperbolic functions

Simplify right side
can also be expressed using
logarithms…
Show that Rearrange
0 > 𝑥 − √ 𝑥 2+ 1
Swap around
 Let 𝑥 − √ 𝑥 +1<0
2

Since this expression is less than 0, there will be no solution for

 So we only include the one with the positive root

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to use 𝑒 𝑦 =𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 2 +1
There are only
the inverse hyperbolic solutions for the
functions 𝑒 𝑦 =𝑥 + √ 𝑥2 +1 positive root
Natural logarithm
of both sides
𝑦 =𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 + 1 )
2
The inverse hyperbolic functions
Replace
can also be expressed using
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 )
2
logarithms…
Show that

 Let

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to use 𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥
the inverse hyperbolic Inverse
functions 𝑐𝑜𝑠h𝑦=𝑥
Replace using the
𝑦
𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑦 expression we saw in
=𝑥 section 6A
The inverse hyperbolic functions 2
Multiply by 2
can also be expressed using
logarithms… 𝑦
𝑒 +𝑒
−𝑦
=2 𝑥
Show that Multiply by
2𝑦 𝑦
𝑒 +1= 2 𝑥 𝑒
Subtract
2𝑦 𝑦
𝑒 − 2 𝑥 𝑒 +1=0
Complete the square for
 Let the first two terms
( 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥 )2 − ( 𝑥 )2 +1 =0
Add
( 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥 )2= 𝑥 2 − 1
Square root

𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑥=± √ 𝑥 2 −1
Add
𝑒 𝑦 =𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 2 − 1

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑒 𝑦 =𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 2 − 1
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic For the square root to work, has to be greater than or equal to 1
functions
𝑥≥1
It is true that:
The inverse hyperbolic functions
can also be expressed using
logarithms… Simplify right side
Show that
Rearrange
0 < 𝑥 − √ 𝑥 2 −1
Swap around
 Let 𝑥 − √ 𝑥 − 1> 0
2

So for this example, both the positive and negative roots would
work…

 So we need another way to eliminate the negative possibility…

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑒 𝑦 =𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 2 − 1
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic For the square root to work, has to be greater than or equal to 1
functions
𝑥≥1
The inverse hyperbolic functions
can also be expressed using
logarithms… 𝑥 − √ 𝑥2− 1
Show that Let
Then
√ 𝑢+1 − √𝑢
This is the difference between a square root and the square
 Let root of the number one less

 For example, the difference between and

 For all values , this difference is between 0 and 1

Therefore:

0 < 𝑥 − √ 𝑥 2 −1<1

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑒 𝑦 =𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 2 − 1
You need to be able to use Take natural logarithms
the inverse hyperbolic of both sides
𝑦 =𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 − 1 )
2
functions
Replace
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 ± √ 𝑥 − 1 )
2
The inverse hyperbolic functions Eliminate the
can also be expressed using negative possibility
logarithms… 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 (
𝑥 + the
Remember
2
√
𝑥 graph
−1 of … )
Show that  This value has to be positive

 However, if we do of a value between 0 and 1, we will get a

negative answer

 Let  Hence, we can eliminate the possibility of

𝑥≥1
0 < 𝑥 − √ 𝑥 2 −1<1 𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑦 =𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥
You need to be able to use Inverse
the inverse hyperbolic 𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑦 =𝑥
functions Replace using the
𝑒 −1
2𝑦 expression we saw in
2𝑦
=𝑥 section 6A
𝑒 +1
Multiply by
The inverse hyperbolic functions
can also be expressed using 𝑒 2 𝑦 − 1= 𝑥 ( 𝑒 2 𝑦 +1 )
logarithms…
Expand the bracket
2𝑦 2𝑦
Find an expression for using 𝑒 − 1= 𝑥 𝑒 +𝑥
logarithms Subtract and add 1
2𝑦 2𝑦
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 =1+ 𝑥
Factorise left side
2𝑦
 Let 𝑒 ( 1 − 𝑥 )=1+ 𝑥

1+ 𝑥 Divide by
𝑒2 𝑦=
1− 𝑥
Take natural
2 𝑦 =𝑙𝑛 |
1+ 𝑥
1−𝑥 | logarithms

Divide by
1
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛
2
1+ 𝑥
1−𝑥 | | 2

6B
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
2
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to use
𝑦=
1
2
𝑙𝑛|1+ 𝑥
1−𝑥 |
the inverse hyperbolic Replace
functions
𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 =
1
2 |
𝑙𝑛
1+ 𝑥
1−𝑥 |
The inverse hyperbolic functions Remember that is only valid for , so this
can also be expressed using needs to be included as well…
logarithms…
Find an expression for using 𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙
logarithms

𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 =
1
2
𝑙𝑛
 Let
|
1+ 𝑥
1−𝑥 |
,|𝑥|<1

Domain

6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 )
2
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic Sub in
functions
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 1=𝑙𝑛 ( 1+ √ 1 +1 )
2

Simplify
Express using natural ¿ 𝑙𝑛 ( 1+ √ 2 )
logarithms:

6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 −1 )
2
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic Sub in
functions
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2=𝑙𝑛 ( 2+ √ 2 − 1 )
2

Simplify
Express using natural ¿ 𝑙𝑛 ( 2+ √ 3 )
logarithms:

6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic
𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 =
1
2
𝑙𝑛|1+ 𝑥
1−𝑥 |
functions

| |
Sub in
1
1+
1 1 3
𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h = 𝑙𝑛
3 2 1
1−
Express using natural 3
logarithms: Simplify

||
right side
4
1 3
¿ 𝑙𝑛
2 2
3
Calculate
1
¿ 𝑙𝑛 2
2
Use the
power law
¿ 𝑙𝑛 √ 2

6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to use
the inverse hyperbolic
functions

You might be wondering why the

inverse of is called rather than
as with the regular trigonometric
functions…

 What a good question!

6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Lets start with, ‘why arcsin?’
𝑦 𝑦

Find 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 =𝟏 Find 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 =𝟏
𝟐

1 1 𝑙
0.3 0.3
𝜃 𝑥 𝜃 𝑥

𝑂𝑝𝑝 0.3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃= ¿ If is in radians… 𝑙=𝑟 𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝 1
−1 We can combine 𝑙= 𝜃
𝜃= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 0.3 )
these…
−1
𝜃= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 0.3 ) In the unit circle, the length of the arc is
given by the inverse sine of its y-
−1
𝑙= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 0.3 ) coordinate
(you can do a similar thing for cos, using
𝑙=𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 0.3 )
the horizontal distance instead!)
6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Lets start with, ‘why arcsin?’
𝑦
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 =𝟏
(𝑥 , 𝑦 )

 So, generally speaking, for the

unit circle, Notice that you would use
arcsin or arccos depending
on the coordinate used…
 Or, alternatively…

6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Now, ‘why arsinh?’

𝑦
(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) Ok, this is going to give it away slightly…

 On the diagram, area will be given by:

𝑏
1
𝒚 𝐴= 𝑥𝑦 −∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑎

𝐴  Remember that the and coordinates can also be

𝑥 expressed
Areainofterms of a third parameter
Subtract the area …
(in
𝑎
𝒙 𝑏 the
triangle shown
blue) under the curve
𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒
between limits and .
𝑥= 𝑦=
2 2
 This means that the integral will need to be done
parametrically..
𝟐 𝟐 𝑡
𝒙 − 𝒚 =𝟏 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐴= 𝑥𝑦 −∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2 0 𝑑𝑡 At , (basically whatever value
we are choosing it to be!)
At , (subbing gives the
coordinate (1,0))

6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Now, ‘why arsinh?’
𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑡
𝑦= 𝑥= 1 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝐴= 𝑥𝑦 −∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 −𝑡 Differentiate 2 0 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑒 Replace in
=
( )( 𝑒 −𝑒2 ) −∫ ( 𝑒 −2𝑒 )( 𝑒 −𝑒2 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 1 𝑒 +𝑒 terms of
𝐴=
2 2 0 Simplify each
pair of brackets
𝐴= ( ) −∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡
2𝑡 −2 𝑡 𝑡 2𝑡 − 2𝑡
1 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒 − 2
2 4 4 0
Take the out of
the integral
𝐴= ( )
2𝑡 −2 𝑡 𝑡
1 𝑒 −𝑒 1
− ∫ ( 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑡
2𝑡 − 2𝑡
2 4 4 0
Integrate and
use a square
𝐴= ( ) − [ 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 2𝑡 ]
2𝑡 −2 𝑡 𝑡
1 𝑒 −𝑒 1 1 1 2𝑡 −2 𝑡 bracket
Sub in limits and subtract
2 4 4 2 2 0 (although when we get
0, so let’s just sub in the
𝐴= ( ) 4 ( 2 2 𝑒 −2 𝑡 )
2𝑡 −2 𝑡
1 𝑒 −𝑒 1 1 1 2𝑡 − 2𝑡
upper limit!)
− 𝑒 −
2 4
Expand
1 2𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 1 2 𝑡 1 −2 𝑡 1 everything!
𝐴= 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑡
8 8 8 8 2
Simplif
1 y
𝐴= 𝑡
2

6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Now, ‘why arsinh?’
𝑡 −𝑡
𝑦 𝑒 −𝑒
We can now 𝑦=
replace in terms 2 Multiply by 2
(𝑥 , 𝑦 )
of the y-
coordinate… 2 𝑦 =𝑒 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡
Multiply by

2 𝑦 𝑒 𝑡 =𝑒 2𝑡 −1
Subtract
2𝑡 𝑡
𝐴 0=𝑒 −2 𝑦 𝑒 −1 Complete
the square
𝑥 2
0=( 𝑒 − 𝑦 ) − 𝑦 −1
𝑡 2
𝑎 𝑏
Add
2
𝑦 + 1=( 𝑒 − 𝑦 )
2 𝑡

Square root
√ 𝑦 + 1=𝑒 − 𝑦 Add
2 𝑡

𝑦 + √ 𝑦 2 +1=𝑒 𝑡 Take natural logs (we saw the

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒚 =𝟏
1
𝐴= 𝑡 limits on this earlier…)
2
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑦 + √ 𝑦 +1 ) =𝑡
2
𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡 This is equivalent to the
𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒 expression above
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑦 =𝑡
2 2
6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Now, ‘why arsinh?’

𝑦 1
𝐴= 𝑡
(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 2 Replace using the
1 expression we just
𝐴= 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑦 had
2 Change to the entire
region shown and labelled
𝑄=𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑦
𝐴
(You could also do it using the coordinate and )
𝑥
𝑄 𝑎 𝑏

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒚 =𝟏
1
𝐴= 𝑡
2
𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒
𝑥= 𝑦=
2 2
6B
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Now, ‘why arsinh?’

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 =𝟏

 Length is equal to the inverse of  Area is equal to the inverse of

 Since is an arc, it was called arc  Since is an area, it was called ‘ar’

 So  So

6B
Teachings for
Exercise 6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
2 2
You can find and use identities 𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝐴− 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝐴
for hyperbolic functions, in a Replace using the

( ) ( )
𝐴 −𝐴 2 𝐴 −𝐴 2
similar way that you can for the 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒 expressions above
regular trigonometric functions ¿ −
2 2 Write as double
brackets (if

(𝑒 𝐴 +𝑒 − 𝐴
)( 𝑒 𝐴 +𝑒 − 𝐴
)(
𝑒 𝐴 − 𝑒− 𝐴
)( 𝑒 𝐴 − 𝑒− 𝐴
)
needed)
Prove that: ¿ −
2 2 2 2
Multiply out

¿( )( )
2𝐴 −2 𝐴 2𝐴 −2 𝐴
𝑒 + 2+𝑒 𝑒 −2+𝑒
−
4 4 Most of the terms
will cancel out
4
 You can use the definitions above ¿
4
to do this… Simplify

¿1

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can find and use identities sinh 𝐴 cosh 𝐵+cosh 𝐴 sinh 𝐵
for hyperbolic functions, in a Replace using the
similar way that you can for the
( )( )( )( )
𝐴 −𝐴 𝐵 −𝐵 𝐴 −𝐴 𝐵 −𝐵 expressions above
𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒
regular trigonometric functions ¿ +
2 2 2 2

Expan Simplify
d
( )+ ( )
𝐴+ 𝐵 𝐴− 𝐵 − 𝐴+ 𝐵 − 𝐴− 𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴− 𝐵 − 𝐴+ 𝐵 − 𝐴− 𝐵
Prove that: 𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑒 −𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑒
¿
4 4
sinh ( 𝐴+𝐵 ) ≡sinh 𝐴 cosh 𝐵+cosh 𝐴sinh 𝐵
𝐴+ 𝐵 − 𝐴− 𝐵
2𝑒 −2 𝑒
¿
Again, we can use the relationships 4
Divide all by
above… 𝐴+ 𝐵 − 𝐴− 𝐵 2
𝑒 −𝑒
¿
2 Rewrite the
negative
𝑒 −𝑒
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑒 𝐴+ 𝐵 −𝑒 −( 𝐴+ 𝐵) power
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥= ¿
2 2 Use the expression
Let
𝐴+ 𝐵 −( 𝐴+ 𝐵 ) shown to the left
𝑒 −𝑒
sinh ⁡( 𝐴 + 𝐵)=
2
¿ sinh ( 𝐴+𝐵)

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
2
You can find and use identities 1+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝐴
for hyperbolic functions, in a Replace using the
similar way that you can for the
( )
− 𝐴 2 expressions above
regular trigonometric functions 𝑒𝐴 − 𝑒
¿ 1+2
2 Square the bracket (if
needed write as a double
Prove that:
( )
2𝐴 −2 𝐴 bracket first)
𝑒 −2+ 𝑒
¿ 1+2
2 4
cosh 2 𝐴 ≡ 1+ 2 𝑠𝑖 𝑛h 𝐴 Multiply out
2𝐴 −2 𝐴
𝑒 − 2+𝑒
Yes – use the relationships above ¿ 1+
again! 2
Write 1 as
2𝐴 −2 𝐴
2 𝑒 −2+ 𝑒
¿ +
2 2
Group up
2𝐴 −2 𝐴
𝑒 +𝑒
¿
2 Using the expressions
above, this is equivalent to
¿ cosh 2 𝐴

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can find and use identities
for hyperbolic functions, in a
similar way that you can for the
regular trigonometric functions

𝑐𝑜 𝑠 2 𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴≡1 sin ⁡( 𝐴+𝐵)≡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴≡1 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝐴− 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝐴≡1 sinh ( 𝐴+𝐵 ) ≡sinh 𝐴 cosh 𝐵+cosh 𝐴sinh 𝐵 cosh 2 𝐴≡1+2 𝑠𝑖 𝑛h 𝐴
2

In general:

 can be replaced with

 can be replaced with

However, any product/implied product of two sine terms must have the sign swapped

 can be replaced with

This is known as Osborn’s rule (we will see why it

works at the end of this section)
6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can find and use identities 2
for hyperbolic functions, in a
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴≡2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴− 1
Cos terms can be
similar way that you can for the replaced directly
regular trigonometric functions
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 𝐴≡2 𝑐𝑜𝑠h2 𝐴−1

Write down the hyperbolic identity

corresponding to:

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
You can find and use identities tan ⁡( 𝐴 − 𝐵)≡
for hyperbolic functions, in a 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 Replace, being careful
similar way that you can for the of the implied product
regular trigonometric functions tanh 𝐴− tanh 𝐵 of two sine terms
tan h ⁡( 𝐴− 𝐵)≡
1 − tanh 𝐴 tanh 𝐵
Write down the hyperbolic identity
corresponding to:

Be careful…

so it can be directly replaced

But , which contains the product of two sine terms

 Therefore, the sign must be swapped

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can find and use identities
for hyperbolic functions, in a
𝑐𝑜𝑠 h2 𝐴− 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 𝐴≡1
In this question,
similar way that you can for the

()
2
regular trigonometric functions 2 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝐴− =1
4
Rearrang
2 25 e
Given that , find the exact value of: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝐴=
16
Square root
5
a) cosh 𝐴=±
4 Remember that
5
cosh 𝐴=
4

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
sinh 𝑥
You can find and use identities tanh 𝑥 ≡
for hyperbolic functions, in a cosh 𝑥 Replace (we know from
similar way that you can for the 3 part a))
regular trigonometric functions 4
¿
5
4 Simplify
Given that , find the exact value of:
3
¿
5
b)

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can find and use identities 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥=2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 Write the equivalent
for hyperbolic functions, in a hyperbolic identity
similar way that you can for the
regular trigonometric functions
sinh 2 𝑥=2sinh 𝑥cosh 𝑥
Replace using previous

Given that , find the exact value of:

¿2 ( )( )
3
4
5
4
answers where needed

Simplify
15
¿
8
c)

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can find and use identities 6 sinh 𝑥 − 2 cosh 𝑥=7 You can use the identities
for hyperbolic functions, in a above if there isn’t a clear
similar way that you can for the
regular trigonometric functions 6 (
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2 ) (
−2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑥
2
=7 ) way to rewrite the

Simplify
equation

Solve the equation below for real 3 ( 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 ) − ( 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑥 ) =7 Multiply out and group
values of . terms
2 𝑒 𝑥 − 4 𝑒− 𝑥 =7
Multiply by

2 𝑒 2 𝑥 − 4=7 𝑒 𝑥
Subtract
2𝑥 𝑥
2 𝑒 − 7 𝑒 − 4=0
Factorise
( 2 𝑒 +1 ) ( 𝑒 − 4 ) =0
𝑥 𝑥
Solve
 But the negative
or can be ruled out

Solve
𝑥=𝑙𝑛 4

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can find and use identities 2 cos h2 𝑥 − 5 sinh 𝑥=5 Replace using an identity
for hyperbolic functions, in a
similar way that you can for the
regular trigonometric functions 2 ( 1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 𝑥 ) − 5 sinh 𝑥=5
Multiply out and rearrange
2
Solve the equation below, giving
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥 −5 sinh 𝑥 − 3=0
Factorise
answers as natural logarithms.
( 2 sinh 𝑥+1 )( sinh 𝑥 − 3 ) =0
Solve

or

𝑥=𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h − ( )
1
2 Use the
𝑥=𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h ( 3 )
Use the
relationshi

( √( ) )
relationshi
1 1 2 p above
𝑥=𝑙𝑛 − + − +1 p above
𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 3+ √ ( 3 )2 +1 )
2 2
Simplify

( )
Simplify
𝑥=𝑙𝑛 − + √
1 5
2 2 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 3+ √ 1 0 )

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You can find and use identities
cosh 2 𝑥 −5 cosh 𝑥+4=0 Replace using an identity

for hyperbolic functions, in a

similar way that you can for the 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 h2 𝑥 −1 −5 cosh 𝑥 +4=0
regular trigonometric functions Simplify
2
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝑥 −5 cosh 𝑥+3=0
Factorise
Solve the equation below, giving
answers as natural logarithms ( 2 cosh 𝑥 −3 )( cosh 𝑥 −1 ) =0
Solve
where appropriate.
or

I’ll explain in a moment

𝑥=𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h ( ) 3
2 Use the
𝑥=𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h ( 1 )
Use the
why for you actually relationshi relationshi

( √( ) )
need to include both the
3 3 2 p above p above
positive and negative… 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ± −1 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 1± √ ( 1 )2 −1 )
2 2
Simplify Simplify

𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 32 ± √25 ) 𝑥=0

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Why do you need to include the for ?

In the previous section, we saw that: Just now, we were solving the
equation:
𝒚 =𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙

𝒚 =𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
𝟑
𝒚=
𝟐

The reason the negative root was You can see that there will be 2 solutions
eliminated was because it would mean to this
that we would be doing of a value between
0 and 1  When solving equations, you don’t need
to consider an artificial limit imposed by
 This is possible, but it would give a the definition of a function!
negative answer, and…

…the function 6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
What about ?
You can think about this in a couple of different ways…
𝒚 =𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙

𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 )
2

Alternatively, a reminder that would be

𝒚 =𝟐 negative since

 We would not be able to take ln of this and a

potential solution would be immediately
ruled out anyway

 Hence, only the positive root has a possible

solution!

 Since is a one-to-one function,

you will not get two solutions for
something such as

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Why does Osborn’s rule work?

𝑖𝑥
We first need to show some 𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
relationships, starting with Euler’s 𝑒
−𝑖𝑥
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
relation… Add Top subtract
𝑖𝑥 together bottom
𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Change
to 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥
𝑒
𝑖 (− 𝑥)
=cos ⁡(− 𝑥 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( − 𝑥) 𝑒 +𝑒 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒 −𝑒 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Use and Divid Divid
𝑖𝑥 −𝑖𝑥 e by 𝑖𝑥 −𝑖𝑥 e by
𝑒
−𝑖𝑥
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 +𝑒 2 𝑒 −𝑒 2
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2 2
Replac Replac
e e
cosh ⁡(𝑖𝑥)=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sinh ⁡(𝑖𝑥)=𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Divide
by
1
sinh ⁡(𝑖𝑥)=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑖 since

−𝑖 sinh ⁡(𝑖𝑥)=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Why does Osborn’s rule work?

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥=cosh ⁡(𝑖𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥=− 𝑖 sinh ⁡(𝑖𝑥 ) cosh ⁡(𝑖𝑥)=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Let
cosh ⁡(𝑖(𝑖𝑦 ))=cos ⁡(𝑖𝑦 )
cos ( 𝑖𝑥 ) =cosh ⁡𝑥
Simplify left side
2
cosh ⁡(𝑖 𝑦 )=cos ⁡(𝑖𝑦 )
2
𝑖 =− 1
cosh ⁡(− 𝑦 )=cos ⁡(𝑖𝑦 )
Use
cosh ⁡( 𝑦 )=cos ⁡(𝑖𝑦 )
The letter doesn’t
really matter!
cosh ⁡(𝑥 )=cos ⁡(𝑖𝑥)

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Why does Osborn’s rule work?

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥=cosh ⁡(𝑖𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥=− 𝑖 sinh ⁡(𝑖𝑥 ) −isinh ⁡(𝑖𝑥 )=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Let
−isinh ⁡(𝑖( 𝑖𝑦))=sin ⁡( 𝑖𝑦)
cos ( 𝑖𝑥 ) =cosh ⁡𝑥 sin ( 𝑖𝑥 )= sinh x
Simplify left side
2
−isinh ⁡(𝑖 𝑦 )=sin ⁡( 𝑖𝑦)
2
𝑖 =− 1
−isinh ⁡(− 𝑦 )=sin ⁡(𝑖𝑦 )
Use
isinh ⁡( 𝑦 )=sin ⁡( 𝑖𝑦)
The letter doesn’t
really matter!
isinh ⁡( 𝑥)=sin ⁡(𝑖𝑥 )

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Why does Osborn’s rule work?

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥=cosh ⁡(𝑖𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥=− 𝑖 sinh ⁡(𝑖𝑥 ) So lets now see what happens when we
replace sine terms with hyperbolic sine
terms…
cos ( 𝑖𝑥 ) =cosh ⁡𝑥 sin ( 𝑖𝑥 )= sinh x
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴≡2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 Replace
using what
−isinh 2 ( 𝑖𝐴 ) ≡−2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛h (𝑖𝐴) cosh ⁡(𝑖𝐴) we just
saw…
Divide both
sides by
sinh 2 ( 𝑖𝐴 ) ≡ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛h (𝑖𝐴) cosh ⁡(𝑖𝐴)
Let
sinh 2 𝑥 ≡2 sinh 𝑥 cosh x

Important point – if you convert from a regular

trigonometrical identity to a hyperbolic
trigonometrical identity like this, the angles at the
end will not be the same as the ones at the start

 However, since it is an identity, it is therefore

true for all values, so will also be true when

sinh 2 𝐴≡ 2 sinh 𝐴cosh A

6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Why does Osborn’s rule work?

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥=cosh ⁡(𝑖𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥=− 𝑖 sinh ⁡(𝑖𝑥 ) So lets now see what happens when we
replace sine terms with hyperbolic sine
terms…
cos ( 𝑖𝑥 ) =cosh ⁡𝑥 sin ( 𝑖𝑥 )= sinh x 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴≡1 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
Rewrite
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 ≡1 −2 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 )
Replace using
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴≡2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 the rules to the
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2(𝑖𝐴 )≡1 − 2 ( − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛h (𝑖𝐴) ) 2 left
Square the
sinh 2 𝐴≡ 2 sinh 𝐴cosh 𝐴 bracket
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2(𝑖𝐴 )≡1 − 2 ( − 𝑖2 sinh ⁡(𝑖𝐴) )
Simplify
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 (𝑖𝐴 ) ≡1+2 sin h ⁡(𝑖𝐴)
Let
2
This is why, when replacing a 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 𝑥 ≡ 1+2 sin h 𝑥 As in the previous
product of 2 sine terms, the sign example, because it is
must change! 2 an identity it will also
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 𝐴 ≡1+2 sin h 𝐴
be true for

 You will always end up with an

term with it 6C
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
2
2
|11+−𝑥𝑥 |,|𝑥|<1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 −1 ) , 𝑥 ≥ 1𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥 = 12 𝑙𝑛
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
Summary of Osborn’s rule

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴≡2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴≡1 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴

sinh 2 𝐴≡ 2 sinh 𝐴cosh 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 𝐴 ≡1+2 sin h 𝐴

2

When converting a trigonometric identity to a hyperbolic identity:

 Replace any term with

 Replace any term with

 Ensure that any product or implied product of 2 sine terms has its sign reversed

6C
Teachings for
Exercise 6D
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥= ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥
differentiate hyperbolic sinh 𝑥=
2
functions Differentiate both
sides

Show that
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( sinh 𝑥 )=
𝑑𝑥 (
𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 − 𝑥
2 ) Work out the
𝑥 −𝑥 right side
𝑑 ( 𝑒 +𝑒
sinh 𝑥 )=
𝑑𝑥 2
The right side is the
definition of
This means the 𝑑
( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
differential of 𝑑𝑥

6D
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥= ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 = ( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥

You need to be able to 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑥

differentiate hyperbolic cosh 𝑥=
2
functions Differentiate both
sides

Show that
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( cosh 𝑥 )=
𝑑𝑥 (
𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
2 ) Work out the
𝑥 −𝑥 right side
𝑑 ( 𝑒 −𝑒
cosh 𝑥 )=
𝑑𝑥 2
The right side is the
definition of
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Notice that, unlike for

regular trigonometry, cosine
 sine does not become
negative

6D
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥= ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 = ( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to sinh 𝑥

differentiate hyperbolic tanh 𝑥=
cosh 𝑥
functions Differentiate
both sides

Show that
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = (
𝑑 sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑥 ) Work out right
side using the
𝑑 ( cosh 𝑥 ) ( cosh 𝑥 ) − ( sinh 𝑥 ) ( sinh 𝑥 ) quotient rule
Using the quotient rule ( tanh 𝑥 ) =¿
𝑑𝑥 ( cosh 𝑥 )2 Simplify
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 numerator
𝑣 −𝑢
( )
2 2
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 ( cosh 𝑥 ) − ( sinh 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
= 2 ( tanh 𝑥 ) =
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 ( cosh 𝑥 )
2
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 h 𝑥 ≡1 Simplify
Divide all
𝑢=sinh
2 𝑥 𝑣 2=cosh 𝑥 by 𝑑
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ≡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐h 𝑥 ( tanh 𝑥 ) =1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛h2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 Rewrite
=cosh 𝑥 =sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

6D
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥= ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 = ( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

differentiate hyperbolic 𝑑
functions ( cosh 3 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Using the chain rule, it will follow the
same patterns as regular
¿ 3 sinh 3 𝑥 trigonometry
Differentiate with respect to

6D
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥= ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 = ( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

differentiate hyperbolic 𝑑
( 𝑥 2 cosh 4 𝑥 )
functions 𝑑𝑥 Using the product
rule – you might find
𝑑 𝑑 it quick to write it
¿ ( 𝑥2) ( cosh 4 𝑥 ) + ( cosh 4 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥2 ) this way!
Differentiate with respect to 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Calculate the
differentials and
2 simplify
¿ 4 𝑥 sinh 4 𝑥+ 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠h 4 𝑥
Product rule

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
( 𝑢𝑣 ) =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

6D
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥= ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 = ( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

differentiate hyperbolic 𝑦= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠h 3 𝑥+ 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝑥
functions
Differentiate
𝑑𝑦
=3 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝑥+ 3 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠h 3 𝑥
Given that: 𝑑𝑥 Differentiate
again
𝑑2 𝑦
2
=9 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠h 3 𝑥 +9 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Factorise

¿ 9 ( 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠h 3 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝑥 )
Where and are constants, prove Rewrite using
that the original
¿9 𝑦 statement

6D
 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 − )𝑒− 𝑥 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
(
𝑠𝑖𝑛har
𝑥=sinh 𝑥 = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 √ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2
1 − 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 = ( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥
2𝑥
𝑒 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥= 2 𝑥
𝑒 +1
2
Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

differentiate hyperbolic
functions Rewrit
e
Differentiate
Show that
Invert

 Let
Replace with an
equivalent expression

2 2
Earlier, we said
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ≡ 1 that
Osborn’s
rule
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑦 ≡1
Rearrange
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑦 −1 ≡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑦
2 The part is for the square root!
Squar
e root
√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h2 𝑦 −1 ≡sinh 𝑦 You can follow similar processes for
differentiating and

6D
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

differentiate hyperbolic 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 Use the product rule
functions
and the quicker
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 notation we used
=( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 )+( 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥) (𝑥) before…
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Given , find
Work out each term
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 2 − 1

6D
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

differentiate hyperbolic 𝑦 =( 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 )2
functions Differentiate using

( )
the chain rule
𝑑𝑦 1 1
=2( 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h𝑥 )
Given , prove that:
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥2− 1  Look at the ‘target’
There should be an term on

√ 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑦
the left, so try multiplying
= 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h𝑥 both sides by
𝑑𝑥
Square both sides

( )
2
( 𝑥 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑦 =4 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h )2
2
𝑑𝑥 Replace using the
original relationship
( 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 𝑑𝑦 ) =4 𝑦
2
2
𝑑𝑥

With this type of question, do keep

checking what you are aiming for as
it can help you decide how to
proceed!

6D
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

differentiate hyperbolic
functions Rewrit
e
Differentiate
a) Show that
Invert

Replace with an
equivalent expression

Earlier, we said
that

6D
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 2
2 2
1 − 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions
𝑓 ′ ′ (0) 2 𝑓 ′ ′ ′ (0) 3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ( 0 ) + 𝑓 ′ ( 0 ) 𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥 …
You need to be able to 2! 3!
differentiate hyperbolic
functions We need to work out the first few differentials
(, etc…)

a) Show that 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥

Differentiate ( as we
1 just showed)
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥)=
b) Find the first two non-zero √1+ 𝑥 2
terms in the series expansion Rewrite
of −
1
¿ (1+ 𝑥 )
2 2

Differentiate using
3 the chain rule
 For this, we can use Maclaurin’s 1 −
𝑓 ′ ′ ( 𝑥)=− ( 1+ 𝑥 ) 2 2
( 2 𝑥)
expansion… 2
Simplify
3
−
¿ − 𝑥 ( 1+ 𝑥 )
2 2
Differentiate using
the product rule and
−
5
−
3 the chain rule
𝑓
′ ′′
( 𝑥 ) =3 𝑥 ( 1+ 𝑥 )
2 2 2
− ( 1+ 𝑥 )
2 2

Simplify
3
−
¿ ( 2 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 1+ 𝑥 )
2 2 2

6D
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 2
2 2
1 − 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions
𝑓 ′ ′ (0) 2 𝑓 ′ ′ ′ (0) 3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ( 0 ) + 𝑓 ′ ( 0 ) 𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥 …
You need to be able to 2! 3!
differentiate hyperbolic
functions We then need to substitute 0 into these…

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥 𝑓 ( 0 ) =0
a) Show that
1
−
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 ) = ( 1+ 𝑥 )
2 2
𝑓 ′ ( 0 )=1
b) Find the first two non-zero −
3

terms in the series expansion 𝑓 ′ ′ ( 𝑥)=− 𝑥 ( 1+ 𝑥 )

2 2
𝑓 ′ ′ (0)=0
of 3
−
𝑓
′ ′′
( 𝑥 ) = ( 2 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 1+ 𝑥 )
2 2 2
𝑓
′ ′′
( 0 ) =− 1

 For this, we can use Maclaurin’s

expansion…
𝑓 ′ ′ (0) 2 𝑓 ′ ′ ′ (0) 3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ( 0 ) + 𝑓 ′ ( 0 ) 𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥 …
2! 3!
Replace terms
using what we have 0 2 (− 1) 3
arsinh 𝑥=( 0)+(1) 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 …
2 6
Simplify 1 3
arsinh 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥 − 𝑥
6

6D
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 2
2 2
1 − 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions
( )
𝑛
(− 1) ( 2 𝑛 ) ! 𝑥 2 𝑛 +1
You need to be able to 2𝑛 2
2 𝑛+1
2 ( 𝑛 !)
differentiate hyperbolic
Let
functions

( )
4
(− 1) ( 4 ) ! 𝑥 5
¿ 2
4
2 ( 2! ) 5
Simplify the
b) Find the first two non-zero
bracket
( )
5
terms in the series expansion
1 of 24 𝑥
arsinh 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥 − 𝑥
3 ¿
6 64 5
Simplify
3
¿ 𝑥5
c) The general term for the series 40
expansion of is given by:

( )
∞ 𝑛
(−1) ( 2 𝑛 ) ! 𝑥 2𝑛+1
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=∑ 2
𝑟 =0
2𝑛
2 (𝑛 ! ) 2𝑛+ 1

Find, in its simplest terms, the

third term in the sequence

 The first two terms are for . Sub

in .
6D
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 2
2 2
1 − 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to 1 3 3 5
arsinh 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥
differentiate hyperbolic 6 40
functions 1 3 3
≈ (0.5) − ( 0.5 ) + ( 0.5 )5
1 3 3 5 6 40
arsinh 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 Calculate
6 40
≈ 0.48151 …
d) Use your approximation, up to
and including the term in , to find
an approximation for

6D
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 2
2 2
1 − 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions
You need to be able to 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛− 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
differentiate hyperbolic % 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
functions
Sub in
1 3 3 5 0.48151 … −0.48121 … values
arsinh 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 ¿
6 40 0.48121 …
Calculate
¿ 0.062 %
d) Use your approximation, up to
and including the term in , to find
an approximation for
≈ 0.48151 …
e) Calculate the percentage error
by using this approximation

 We will need the actual value…

𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥=𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥 + √ 𝑥 +1 )
2

𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0.5=𝑙𝑛 ( 0.5+ √ (0.5) +1 )

2

Calculat
¿ 0.48121 … e
6D
Teachings for
Exercise 6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate hyperbolic
functions

 You will need to use the

patterns above, that you
learned in the previous
section

 You may also have to apply

various combinations of
integration techniques learnt
in Further Maths

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

∫ cosh ( 4𝑥−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
integrate hyperbolic
functions Since differentiates to , so we can
also say the reverse

1  Remember to consider how the part

¿ sinh ( 4 𝑥 − 1 ) +𝑐 in the bracket would affect your
Find: 4

∫ cosh ( 4𝑥−1 ) 𝑑𝑥 result!

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate hyperbolic
functions
∫ ( )
2+5 𝑥
√ 𝑥 +1
2
𝑑𝑥
Write as two
separate fractions
¿ ∫( ) 2
𝑑𝑥+∫
( 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
)
Find: √ 2
𝑥 +1 √ 𝑥 +1
2
Take the constants

( 2+5 𝑥
)
out of each integral
∫ ∫(
√ 𝑥 +1
2
𝑑𝑥
¿2
√ ) 1
2
𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑥 +5 ∫
( 𝑥
√ 𝑥2 +1)𝑑𝑥
Rewrite the right
hand one using a
1 bracket and a

( 1
)
−
¿ 2∫ ∫ ( )
2 2 power
 A good starting point with 𝑑𝑥 +5 𝑥 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 Integrate each part. For
this type is to check the √ 𝑥 +1
2
the right, try
denominator – can we use 1
differentiating and see
any of the rules above ¿ 2 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑥 +5 ( 𝑥 + 1 ) +𝑐
2 2 what happens
somehow?
1
( 𝑥 +1 )
2 2
Differentiate with
1 respect to
1( 2 −
𝑥 +1 ) 2 ( 2 𝑥)
2
1
Simplify
−
𝑥 ( 𝑥 +1 )
2 2

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 𝑥

6

integrate hyperbolic Rewrite

functions ¿ ( cosh 2 𝑥 ) 6
Differentiate using
the chain rule
5
¿ 6 ( cosh 2 𝑥 ) (2 sinh 2 𝑥)
Find:

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

5 Simplify
5
¿ 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 𝑥

 Start by differentiating and This is 12 times what we want, do we need

then adjust… to divide the original guess by 12

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

5
Integrate
1
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h6 2 𝑥 +𝑐
12

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate hyperbolic
functions ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥𝑑𝑥 Rewrite
sinh 𝑥
¿∫ 𝑑𝑥 Since the denominator differentiates
Find: cosh 𝑥 to give the numerator, it will come

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛h𝑥𝑑𝑥 ¿ 𝑙𝑛 ( cosh 𝑥 )+ 𝑐
from

Since for all , the modulus sign is

not necessary here

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate hyperbolic
functions
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
Replace using a
hyperbolic identity
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 6 𝑥+1
¿∫ 𝑑𝑥
Find:
2 Take the out as a factor

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
¿
1
2
∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 6 𝑥+1 ) 𝑑𝑥
Integrate
 You can also use the
hyperbolic identities to
¿ (
1 1
2 6 )
sinh 6 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
help… Simplify
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴−1 1 1
Change using ¿ sinh 6 𝑥 + 𝑥+ 𝑐
Osborn’s rule 12 2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 𝐴=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝐴 −1
Let
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 6 𝑥=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 3 𝑥 − 1
Rearrange
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 6 𝑥 +1 2
=𝑐𝑜𝑠h 3 𝑥
2

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate hyperbolic
functions
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
Rewrite

¿ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Replace using a hyperbolic
identity (derive them if you
Find:

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ¿ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥−1 ) sinh𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3 can’t remember them!)
( 2
Separate into 2 integrals

¿ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑥𝑑𝑥−∫ sinh 𝑥𝑑𝑥

 You can also use the
2
hyperbolic identities to The first one would come
help… from differentiating
1 3
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝑥 − cosh 𝑥 +𝑐
3

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate hyperbolic
functions
∫ 𝑒 sinh 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
Write using from earlier
in the chapter
¿∫ 𝑒
2𝑥
( 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 − 𝑥
2 )𝑑𝑥
Simplify and factorise the out
Find:
1
∫𝑒 2𝑥
sinh 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ¿
2
∫ ( 𝑒3 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Integrate

 Don’t forget – the definitions

of , and can all be written
¿ (
1 1 𝑥
2 3
𝑒 −𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐 )
Simplify
using 1 3𝑥 1 𝑥
¿ 𝑒 − 𝑒 +𝑐
6 2

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to 1

integrate hyperbolic ∫ 𝑑𝑥
functions √ 𝑥2 − 𝑎2 Let

1
¿∫ asinh𝑢 𝑑𝑢 
By using an appropriate √ ( acosh 𝑢 ) − 𝑎 2 2

Square the bracket

substitution, find:
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑥 >𝑎 ¿∫ asinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢
√𝑥 −𝑎
2 2
√ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑢−𝑎
2 2 2 Replace using the
expression we worked
1 out before
 You can use the following ¿∫ asinh𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 idea…
2 2
−1 ≡ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 h 𝑥 asinh 𝑢 Simplify
Multiply

¿ ∫ 1𝑑𝑢
all by
2 2 2 2 2
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 − 𝑎 ≡𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 h 𝑥
Square
Integrate
√𝑎 2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥 − 𝑎 ≡ asinh 𝑥
root
¿ 𝑢+ 𝑐 𝑥=acosh 𝑢
𝑥
=cosh 𝑢
𝑎
¿ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h ( 𝑥𝑎 )+ 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h ( )
𝑥
𝑎
=𝑢

6E
 () ()
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑
∫ 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h +𝑐 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h +𝑐 , 𝑥>𝑎
𝑑𝑥
( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
√ 𝑎 +𝑥
2 2 𝑎 √𝑥 −𝑎 𝑎
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate hyperbolic
functions

By the way, you

get all this in the
formula booklet so
just look it up if
you need to!

6E
 () ()
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑
∫ 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h +𝑐 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h +𝑐 , 𝑥>𝑎
𝑑𝑥
( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
√ 𝑎 +𝑥
2 2 𝑎 √𝑥 −𝑎 𝑎
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to 8

integrate hyperbolic 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
functions 5 √ 𝑥2 −16 Integrate using the pattern
above, with

[ ( )]
8
𝑥
¿ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h
Show that: 4
( )
8
1 2+ √ 3 5
Sub in limits
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥=𝑙𝑛
5 √ 𝑥 −16 2 and subtract
5
¿ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h 2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h
4 From 6B,

2 5
¿ 𝑙𝑛 ( 2+ √ ( 2) −1 ) −𝑙𝑛 +
4 ( √( ) ) 5 2
4
−1
Simplify

¿ 𝑙𝑛 ( 2+ √ 3 ) − 𝑙𝑛 ( 2 )
Combine using
the division rule
¿ 𝑙𝑛 ( 2+ √ 3
2 )

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

You need to be able to

integrate hyperbolic
functions
∫ √1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 Let



¿ ∫ √1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 𝑢cosh𝑢𝑑𝑢



Show that: Simplify using the

1 1
∫ √1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥= 2 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑥+ 2 𝑥 √1+𝑥 2 +𝑐 relationship we have to the

¿ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑥𝑑𝑢
2 left

Since
 Try to use trigonometric cosh 2𝑢+1
identities which have a ¿∫ 𝑑𝑢
similar ‘form’ to the 2 Factorise the half out
expression you are 1
integrating ¿
2
∫ ( cosh2 𝑢+1 ) 𝑑𝑢
Integrate

(
1 1
)
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝑥=1+
 For 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥
example… ¿ sinh 2 𝑢+𝑢
2 2
cosh 𝑥=√ 1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥 2 Expand
the
1 1 bracket
¿ sinh 2 𝑢+ 𝑢 +𝑐
4 2

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

Let 
You need to be able to
integrate hyperbolic  
functions

1 1
Show that: ¿ sinh 2 𝑢+ 𝑢 +𝑐
1 1 4 2
∫ √1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥= 2 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑥+ 2 𝑥 √1+𝑥 2 +𝑐 Since
1 1
¿ sinh 𝑢 cosh 𝑢+ 𝑢+ 𝑐 2 2
 Try to use trigonometric
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠h 𝑢=1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑢
identities which have a cosh 𝑢=√ 1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 𝑢 From
similar ‘form’ to the ¿
1
2
1
𝑥 √ 1+ 𝑥 2+ 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h𝑥+ 𝑐
2
cosh 𝑢=√ 1+ 𝑥 2 above
…
expression you are
integrating

2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝑥=1+
 For 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥
example…
cosh 𝑥=√ 1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 𝑥

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

6 3
You need to be able to ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
integrate hyperbolic 0 √ 𝑥 +9
functions
Let  
By using a hyperbolic When When
substitution, evaluate:
6 3 0=3 sinh 𝑢 6=3 sinh 𝑢
∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 0=sinh 𝑢 2=sinh 𝑢
0 √ 𝑥 +9
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0=𝑢 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2=𝑢
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2
( 3 sinh 𝑢 )3
 We can use the same idea as ¿ ∫ 3 cosh u 𝑑𝑢
from the previous question. 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0 √ ( 3 sinh 𝑢 ) 2
+9
Simplify
cosh 𝑥=√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑥 +1
2 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2
27 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝑢 terms
¿ ∫ 3 cosh u 𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0 √ 9 𝑠𝑖𝑛h
2
𝑢+9 Write the
denominator as
 However, we will need to
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 two square roots
factorise a 9 out to leave 1 as 27 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑢
3

the constant term, which ¿ ∫ 3 cosh u 𝑑𝑢

means we need to ‘create’ a 9 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0 √ 9 √ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 𝑢+1 ) Now we can use
in the squared term via the rule to the left,
substitution…
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 3 since the 9 has
27 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 𝑢
¿ ∫ 3 cosh 𝑢
3 cosh u 𝑑𝑢 been factored
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0 away!
6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2
You need to be able to 27 𝑠𝑖𝑛h3 𝑢
integrate hyperbolic ¿ ∫ 3 cosh 𝑢
3 cosh u 𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0
functions Simplify and factor
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 the 27 out
¿ 27 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
By using a hyperbolic 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0
substitution, evaluate: Integrate!

[ ]
𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2
6 3 1We did3 the integration of this earlier!
𝑥 ¿ 27 𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝑢 − cosh 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 3
0 √ 𝑥2 + 9 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h 0
Replace
cos terms
¿ 27
(( 1
3
3
) ( 1
3
3
( √ 5 ) − √ 5 − ( √1 ) − √ 1 ))
Simplify

 We can use the same idea as

from the previous question.
If
¿ 18 √ 5+ 18
cosh 𝑥=√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 𝑥 +1 
cosh 𝑢=√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 𝑢 +1
 However, we will need to cosh 𝑢=√ 5
factorise a 9 out to leave 1 as
the constant term, which If
means we need to ‘create’ a 9 
in the squared term via cosh 𝑢=√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 𝑢 +1
substitution…
cosh 𝑢=√ 1

6E
 () ()
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑
∫ 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛h +𝑐 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h +𝑐 , 𝑥>𝑎
𝑑𝑥
( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
√ 𝑎 +𝑥
2 2 𝑎 √𝑥 −𝑎 𝑎
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

1
You need to be able to ∫ 𝑑𝑥
integrate hyperbolic √ 12 𝑥 +2 𝑥 2
Rewrite the part in the
functions root
1
¿∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ 2 [ ( 𝑥+3 ) − 9 ] 2 Let

Find:
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 ¿∫
1
𝑑𝑢 
√ 12 𝑥 +2 𝑥 2
√ 2 ( 𝑢 −9 )
2
Factor out the term

 Sometimes completing the 1 1

square can enable you to use
¿ ∫
√ 2 √ 𝑢2 − 9
𝑑𝑢
Integrate using the rule
one of the rules above… above and

12 𝑥 +2 𝑥
2
Factor
¿
1
√2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h
𝑢
3
+𝑐 ( )
the 2 out Replace with the
¿ 2 ( 𝑥 2 +6 𝑥 ) original substitution

( )
Complete the 1 𝑥 +3
square for the ¿ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h +𝑐
¿ 2 [( 𝑥+ 3) −9 ]
2
inner part √2 3

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

1
You need to be able to ∫ 𝑑𝑥
integrate hyperbolic
√ 4 𝑥2 −12 𝑥 −7 Replace
functions using the
1
¿∫ 2 sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 substitutio

√(
n
) ( )
2
1 1
4 ( 3+ 4 cosh 𝑢 ) − 12 ( 3+ 4 cosh 𝑢 ) −7 Simplify
Use the substitution 2 2 denominat
or
to find: 1
1 ¿∫ 2 sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 √ ( 3+ 4 cosh 𝑢 ) 2
−6 ( 3+ 4 cosh 𝑢 ) −7 Multiply
√ 4 𝑥 −12 𝑥 −7
2
out
1 brackets
¿∫ 2 sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√ 9+24 cosh 𝑢+16 𝑐𝑜𝑠h2 𝑢 −18 −24 cosh 𝑢 −7 Simplify
the root
1
𝑥= ( 3+ 4 cosh 𝑢 ) 1
2 ¿∫ 2 sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Differentiate √ 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠h2 𝑢− 16
𝑑𝑥 Rewrite
=2 sinh 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
denominat
Rearrang ¿∫ 2 sinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 or

𝑑𝑥=2 sinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢 e √ 16 √ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h2 𝑢− 1 You can factor the

out as
1 1
¿ ∫
4 √ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h2 𝑢 − 1
2 sinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢

6E
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
( ar sinh 𝑥 ) = ( arcosh 𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 >1 ( 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛h 𝑥 ) = ,|𝑥|<1 ( sinh 𝑥 )=cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
1 − 𝑥
𝑑
( cosh 𝑥 )=sinh 𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( tanh 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 𝑥

1 1
You need to be able to
integrate hyperbolic
¿ ∫
4 √ 𝑐𝑜𝑠h2 𝑢 − 1
2 sinh 𝑢𝑑𝑢
Simplify the
functions denominator using
1 1 an identity
¿ ∫
4 sinh 𝑢
2sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Use the substitution Simplify the integral
1
to find: ¿
4
∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 Integrate
√ 4 𝑥 −12 𝑥 −7
2
1
¿ ( 2 𝑢) + 𝑐
4
Simplify
1
Rearrang ¿ 𝑢+ 𝑐
2𝑥−3 e 2
=cosh 𝑢 Replace
4 Inverse

𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h (
2𝑥−3
4
=𝑢 ) ¿
1
2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠h (
2𝑥−3
4
+𝑐 )

6E