omplex Numbe

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 Prior Knowledge Check
1) Given that and , find: 3) Use the binomial expansion
to find the term in the
expansion of 4
a) b) 𝜋 4 032 𝑛
c) 8 d) 3 𝜋
e) 16 f) 2 Im
4 𝜋
6 2
2)
1

Given that is a root of , show all -2 -1 1 2 Re

the roots of on an argand -1
diagram.
-2
Teachings for
Exercise 1A
 Complex Numbers
Im
A reminder of the modulus-
argument form…

z1
Express the numbers following
numbers in the modulus argument
form: √3
𝑧 1 =1+𝑖 √ 3 3 θ
Re
θ 1
𝑧 2=−3 − 3 𝑖 3

(
𝑧 1 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
3 ) z2

Modulus for z1 Argument for z1

√ 1 +√ 3
2 2
𝑇𝑎 𝑛− 1 (1) √3
𝜋
¿2 ¿
3
𝑧 1 =𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑧 1 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
3 ) 1A
 Complex Numbers
Im
A reminder of the modulus-
argument form…

z1
Express the numbers following
numbers in the modulus argument
form: √3
𝑧 1 =1+𝑖 √ 3 3 θ
Re
θ 1
𝑧 2=−3 − 3 𝑖 3

(
𝑧 1 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
3 ) z2

( ( ) ( ))
𝑧 2=3 √ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
3𝜋
4
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
3𝜋
4 Modulus for z2 Argument for z2

√ 3 2 + 32 𝑇𝑎 𝑛− 1 ()
3
3
Remember the
angle you
¿ √ 18 𝜋
actually want!
3𝜋
¿ ¿−
¿ 3 √2 4 4
𝑧 2=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑧 2=3 √ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
( ( ) ( ))
3𝜋
4
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
3𝜋
4 1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
You can also express a
complex number in the form

Note: The result below can be

proven using Maclaurin and Taylor
Series (which is next chapter – we
will prove it then…)

If a complex number is written as

then it can also be written in this
way:

As before, is the modulus of the

complex number and is the
argument

 This is known as the ‘exponential

form’

1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
y
You can express a complex
number in the form
Pay attention to the directions
Express the complex number  The ‘x’ part is positive so
in the form , where will go in the positive
direction horizontally 2 x
θ
 The ‘y’ part is negative so 3
r
As with the modulus-argument will go downwards
form, you should start by sketching
an Argand diagram and use it to
find and  Once sketched you can then find the modulus and
argument using GCSE Pythagoras and Trigonometry

𝑟 =√ ( 2 ) +(3)
2 2
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃 3
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃=
Replace r 2
−0.98 𝑖 and θ Calculat Inverse
𝑧=√ 13 𝑒
𝑟 =√ 13
e Tan
𝜃=0.98
Negative
as below
the x-axis
arg 𝑧=− 0.98

1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜃 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜃 )=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
y 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
You can express a complex 1
number in the form
-θ θ θ
0
-360º -270º -180º -90º -θ θ 90º 180 270º
In the regular Maths course, you º
will have encountered the -1
following:
You can see that anywhere on the graph

1 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
-θ
0 θ
-360º -270º -180º -90º θ 90º 180 270º
º
-1

You can see that anywhere on the graph

1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜃 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜃 )=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
You can express a complex
number in the form ( ( )
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
10
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
( ))
10

Express the following in the form

where

You can see You can see

( ( )
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
10
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
𝜋
10
from the form
that r = √2
from the form
that θ = π/10
𝜋
𝑟 =√ 2 𝜃=
10

𝑖𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
Replace r and
𝜋
𝑖 θ
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑒 10

1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜃 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜃 )=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
You can express a complex
number in the form ( ( )
𝑧 =5 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
8
−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
8 ( ))
Express the following in the form
where

( ( )
𝑧 =5 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
8
−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
8( )) We need to adjust this first

 The sign in the centre is negative, we need it

to be positive for the ‘rules’ to work

 We also need both angles to be identical. In

this case we can apply the rules we saw a
moment ago…

1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜃 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜃 )=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
You can express a complex
number in the form ( ( )
𝑧 =5 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
8
−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
8 ( ))
Apply cosθ = cos(-θ)
Express the following in the form Apply sin(-θ) = -sin(θ)
where
𝑧 =5
( ) (( ¿ ))
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
8
𝜋
8

( ( )
𝑧 =5 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
8
−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
8( ))
You can see You can see
from the form from the form
that r = 5 that θ = -π/8
𝑟 =5 𝜋
𝜃=−
8
𝑖𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
Replace r and
𝜋
− 𝑖
8
θ
𝑧 =5 𝑒

1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜃 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜃 )=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
3𝜋
𝑖
You can express a complex 𝑧 =√ 2 𝑒 4
number in the form

Express the following in the form

where and
You can see You can see
from the form from the form
3𝜋
𝑖 that r = √2 that θ = 3π/4
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑒 4
𝑟 =√ 2 𝜃=
3𝜋
4

𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

This means that and Replace r and θ
have to be real
numbers (ie not
complex)
(
𝑧=√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3𝜋
4
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3𝜋
4 ) You can calculate all of
this! Leave the second
part in terms of i
𝑧 =−1+𝑖

1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜃 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜃 )=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
23 𝜋
𝑖
5
You can express a complex 𝑧 =2 𝑒 The value of θ is not
in the range we
number in the form
want. We can keep
subtracting 2π until
Express the following in the form it is!
, where You can see You can see
from the form from the form
23 𝜋 that r = 2 that θ = 23π/5
𝑖
𝑧 =2 𝑒 5
𝑟 =2 𝜃=
23 𝜋
5 Subtract
2π
13 𝜋
𝜃=
5 Subtract
2π
3𝜋
𝜃=
5

𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

Replace r and θ

(
𝑧=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3𝜋
5
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3𝜋
5 )
1A
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜃 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜃 )=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜃
Complex Numbers
𝑖𝜃
You can express a complex 𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
number in the form Let =
𝑖(− 𝜃 )
𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜃 )
Use: Use the relationships
−𝑖 𝜃 above to rewrite
𝑖𝜃
𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
To show that:
𝑖𝜃
1 𝑖 𝜃 −𝑖 𝜃 1) 𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝜃= ( 𝑒 +𝑒 )
2 2) 𝑒
−𝑖 𝜃
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Add 1 and 2

−𝑖 𝜃 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 +𝑒 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Divide by 2
1 −𝑖 𝜃 𝑖 𝜃
( 𝑒 + 𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2

1A
Teachings for
Exercise 1B
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) )
1 2 1 2
𝑧2 𝑟2

Complex Numbers
Reminder of rules from last
year…
(
√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
12
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
12 )
(
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
5𝜋
6
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
5𝜋
6 ) Combine using one of the
rules above
 Divide the moduli
Express the following calculation in

( ( ) ( ))
 Subtract the
the form x + iy: √ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 − 5 𝜋 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 − 5 𝜋 arguments
√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
𝜋
12
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
12 ) 2 12 6 12 6
Simplify

2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 5𝜋
6
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
5𝜋
6 ) √
( ( ) ( ))
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
3𝜋
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
3𝜋
2 4 4
You can work out the
sin and cos parts
√
( √ ( √ ))
2
2 1
−
2
+𝑖 −
1
2
Multiply out
1 1
¿− − 𝑖
2 2

1B
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) ) 𝑧 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃1 +𝜃 2) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃 ¿ ¿1 − 𝜃 )¿
2

𝑧2 𝑟2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 𝑧2 𝑟2

Complex Numbers
You need to be able to multiply 𝜋𝑖 𝜋𝑖
and divide complex numbers 2 𝑒 × √3 𝑒
6 3

which are given in exponential Apply one of

𝜋𝑖 𝜋𝑖 the rules
form +
¿ ( 2× √ 3 ) 𝑒 6 3
above

𝜋𝑖
Simplify
You need to be able to follow the same ¿ 2 √3 𝑒 2
kind of processes for numbers given in Write in modulus-
exponential form…
(
¿ 2 √ 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
2
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
2 ) argument form

Calculate the cos

and sine parts
a) Express in the form ¿ 2 √ 3 ( 0 +𝑖 )
Simplify

¿2 𝑖√3

1B
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) ) 𝑧 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃1 +𝜃 2) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃 ¿ ¿1 − 𝜃 )¿
2

𝑧2 𝑟2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 𝑧2 𝑟2

Complex Numbers
You need to be able to multiply |𝑧𝑤|=3|𝑧 | The left hand side can be
and divide complex numbers written as two separate
which are given in exponential moduli…
form |𝑧 ||𝑤|=3| 𝑧|
Divide
both sides
You need to be able to follow the same
|𝑤|=3 by
kind of processes for numbers given in
exponential form…

b) , and

Use geometrical reasoning to find the

two possibilities of , giving your
answers in exponential form.
|𝑤|=3

 To do this, we need to find the

magnitude of w, as well as its
argument…

1B
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) ) 𝑧 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃1 +𝜃 2) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃 ¿ ¿1 − 𝜃 )¿
2

𝑧2 𝑟2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 𝑧2 𝑟2

Complex Numbers
Im

You need to be able to multiply

and divide complex numbers
which are given in exponential
form 𝒛

𝟐
You need to be able to follow the same 𝜽
kind of processes for numbers given in Re
𝟐
exponential form…

b) , and

Use geometrical reasoning to find the

two possibilities of , giving your
𝜋
()
answers in exponential
arg ⁡( 𝑧form. 2
|𝑤|=3 )=
4 arg ( 𝑧 )=𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
Calculate
 Now we need to find possible
𝜋
magnitudes of . To start with, find arg ⁡( 𝑧 )=
the value of 4

1B
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) ) 𝑧 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃1 +𝜃 2) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃 ¿ ¿1 − 𝜃 )¿
2

𝑧2 𝑟2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 𝑧2 𝑟2

Complex Numbers
Im

You need to be able to multiply

and divide complex numbers
which are given in exponential
form 𝒛

𝝅
You need to be able to follow the same 𝟒
kind of processes for numbers given in Re
exponential form…

b) , and

Use geometrical reasoning to find the

two possibilities of , giving your  When we multiply the imaginary numbers and ,
answers in exponential 𝜋 the angles (arguments) will be added together
|𝑤|=3 arg ⁡( 𝑧form.
)=
4
 Notice that we are told that after this, the result
 Now we need to find possible has no imaginary component
magnitudes of . To start with, find
the value of  Therefore, we need possible values for the
argument of that will lead to the complex
number being on the real axis only…
1B
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) ) 𝑧 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃1 +𝜃 2) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃 ¿ ¿1 − 𝜃 )¿
2

𝑧2 𝑟2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 𝑧2 𝑟2

Complex Numbers
Im

You need to be able to multiply

and divide complex numbers
which are given in exponential
form 𝒛
𝟑𝝅
𝟒
𝝅
You need to be able to follow the same 𝟒
kind of processes for numbers given in 𝝅 Re
−
𝟒
exponential form…

b) , and

Use geometrical reasoning to find the

two possibilities of , giving your  One way would be to ‘cancel out’ the argument
answers in exponential 𝜋 we have already, meaning a possible argument of
|𝑤|=3 arg ⁡( 𝑧form.
)=
4 would be

 Now we need to find possible  The other possibility would be to add on to

magnitudes of . To start with, find
the value of
or

1B
𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃1 +𝜃 2 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 1+𝜃 2) ) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃 − 𝜃 ) ) 𝑧 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃1 +𝜃 2) 𝑧 1 = 𝑟 1 𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃 ¿ ¿1 − 𝜃 )¿
2

𝑧2 𝑟2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 𝑧2 𝑟2

Complex Numbers
Im

You need to be able to multiply

and divide complex numbers
which are given in exponential
form 𝒛

𝝅
You need to be able to follow the same 𝟒
kind of processes for numbers given in Re
exponential form…

b) , and

Use geometrical reasoning to find the

two possibilities of , giving your
answers in exponential 𝜋
|𝑤|=3 arg ⁡( 𝑧form.
)= and
4

 Now we need to find possible

magnitudes of . To start with, find
the value of
or

1B
Teachings for
Exercise 1C
 Complex Numbers Using Euler’s
relation

You can use De Moivre’s

Theorem in problem solving ¿ Same thing
multiplied by itself

 You will be able to use this to

¿ Use index laws
find higher powers of complex
numbers given in modulus-
¿ Using the rule
argument form from 1A
¿
𝑧=𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

𝑖𝜃
𝑧 =𝑟𝑒
Continuing this…

¿
¿ Etc…

The generalization of this is known as ‘De

Moivre’s Theorem’

(De “mwarve”)
1C
 Complex Numbers
Using Euler’s
relation
You can use De Moivre’s
Theorem in problem solving

¿
For any integer n; Use index law
𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑛
¿𝑟 ×𝑒
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 ) Put together
𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝜃
¿𝑟 𝑒 Rewrite in
This can be proven using modulus-
Euler’s relation… 𝑛 argument form
¿ 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

1C
 Complex Numbers
BASIS
You can use De Moivre’s
Theorem in problem solving  Show that the statement is true for

For any integer n; ( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Let
1
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 ) ( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) =𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛1 𝜃 )
1

Simplify
𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
You can also prove it for
positive integer exponents
directly from the modulus- LHS = RHS, so De Moivre’s Theorem is true for
argument form, using proof by
induction…

BASIS
ASSUMPTION
INDUCTIVE
CONCLUSION

1C
 Complex Numbers
ASSUMPTION
You can use De Moivre’s  Assume the statement is true for ,
Theorem in problem solving
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑘=𝑟 𝑘 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 𝜃 )

For any integer n; INDUCTIVE

 Show that, based on the assumption, that the
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 ) statement is then true for
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑘+1=¿ ) )𝑘 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
(𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃×𝑟 Use
You can also prove it for 𝑘 assumption
positive integer exponents ¿ 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝜃×𝑟) ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) step
directly from the modulus- Rewrite
𝑘+1
argument form, using proof by Expand the
¿𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝜃 )( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
induction… double bracket
¿𝑟 𝑘+1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑖2 =−1 𝑘+1
BASIS Separate real and ¿𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
imaginary components
ASSUMPTION ¿𝑟 𝑘+1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)+𝑖(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
INDUCTIVE 𝑘+1
¿𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑘 𝜃+𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑘 𝜃+𝜃 ) )
CONCLUSION Factorise inside
¿ 𝑟 𝑘+1 (cos ⁡( ( 𝑘+1 ) 𝜃)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( ( 𝑘+1 ) 𝜃))
So we have shown that if De Moivre’s theorem is true for , it will also be true for
1C
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
CONCLUSION
You can use De Moivre’s  We have shown that if De Moivre’s theorem is true for ,
Theorem in problem solving then it is also true for . Since it is true for , it is now
proven to be true for all by mathematical induction.

For any integer n;

( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

You can also prove it for

positive integer exponents
directly from the modulus-
argument form, using proof by
induction…

BASIS
ASSUMPTION
INDUCTIVE
CONCLUSION

1C
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
−𝑚
You can use De Moivre’s [ 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ]
Theorem in problem solving Write using a
1 positive power
¿ 𝑚 instead
[ 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) ] Use De Moivre’s theorem for a
We have just proved the
theorem for n = k where k is a positive number (which we have
1
positive integer ¿ 𝑚 proved)
𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 ) Multiply to
change some
1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 ) terms in the
 We can also show it is true ¿ 𝑚 × fraction
for any negative integer… ( )
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 ) Multiply out like
quadratics – the
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 bottom is the
¿ difference of two
 If n is a negative integer, it 𝑟 𝑚 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑚 𝜃 −𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑚 𝜃 ) squares
can be written as ‘-m’, where i2 = -
m is a positive integer 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 1
¿
𝑟 𝑚 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑚 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑚 𝜃 ) You can cancel the
You can see that 1 denominator as it is equal
¿ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 ) to 1
the answer has 𝑟
𝑚
Use cos(-θ) = cos(θ)
followed the same and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
−𝑚
pattern as De ¿ 𝑟 ( cos ( −𝑚 𝜃 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑚 𝜃) )
Moivre’s theorem!
1C
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
You can use De Moivre’s 𝑛
Theorem in problem solving [ 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ] 𝑛
=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )
Sub in n =
0 0
Having now proved that De [ 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ] 0
=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 )
Left side = 1 as anything
Moivre’s theorem works for to the power 0 is 1
both positive and negative
integers, there is only one left
1=¿
1(1+ 0)  You can find cos0 and
sin0 as well
‘Calculat
1=¿
1 e’
 We need to prove it is true
for 0! So we have shown that De Moivre’s Theorem is true
for all positive integers, all negative integers and 0’

 This is straightforward. As it  It is therefore true for all integers!

is just a single value, we can
substitute it in to see what
happens…

3C
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
( ( ) ( ))
5
9𝜋 9𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
You can use De Moivre’s 17 17
Theorem in problem solving
( ( ) −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
17 ))
3
2𝜋 2𝜋 Rewrite denominator using and
𝑐𝑜𝑠
17
(Always watch out for this!)

( 17 ( ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
17 ))
5
Simplify: 9𝜋 9𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠
¿
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 217𝜋 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 217𝜋 ))
3
Apply De Moivre’s theorem

 Since there is no ‘r’ term, essentially

you just multiply the angles by the power

¿
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 17 )
45 𝜋
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
17 )
45 𝜋
and then remove it

𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( −
17 )
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( −
17 )
6𝜋 6𝜋
Use

¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠
( 45 𝜋
17 (
− −
6𝜋
17 ))+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4517𝜋 − (− 617𝜋 ))
Simplify
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 5117𝜋 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 5117𝜋 )
Simplify
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 𝜋 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 𝜋 )
Simplify
¿ − 1+ 𝑖(0)

Simplify
¿ −1
1C
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
Im

You can use De Moivre’s

Theorem in problem solving

Express in the form , where √𝟑

𝜽
Re
De Moivre’s theorem is based 𝟏
on the modulus-argument
form, so you will need this
first…

√
𝑟 = ( 1 ) + ( √3 )
2 2
𝜃=𝑇𝑎𝑛
−1
(1)
√3

𝑟 =2 𝜃=
𝜋
3

1C
( 𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) ) 𝑛=𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers Using the values

of and we found

You can use De Moivre’s

Theorem in problem solving
1+𝑖 √ 3=¿ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ( ) 𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( ))
𝜋
3
Raise to the
power 7 as in the

(( ( ) ( )))
7
7 𝜋 𝜋 question
( 1+𝑖 √ 3 ) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
Express in the form , where 3 3
Apply De Moivre’s
Theorem

De Moivre’s theorem is based

on the modulus-argument
7
( ( )
¿ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
7𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
7𝜋
3
Work out the
form, so you will need this power of 2
first…
( ( )
¿ 128 𝑐𝑜𝑠
7𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
7𝜋
3 ( )) Subtract from the argument
𝜋 (this is a very useful step to
𝑟 =2 𝜃=
( ( ) ( ))
3 𝜋 𝜋 look out for!)
¿ 128 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3
Work out the parts

( ( ))
inside the bracket
+𝑖 √
1 3
¿ 128
2 2
Simplif
y
¿ 64 +64 𝑖 √ 3

1C
Teachings for
Exercise 1D
( 𝑎+𝑏 )𝑛 =𝑎𝑛 +𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏+𝑛 𝐶 2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 +𝑛 𝐶 3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + … … … …+ 𝑏𝑛

Complex Numbers
You can apply De Moivre’s
( 𝑎 +𝑏 )𝑛
theorem to trigonometric 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 −2 2 𝑛 −3 3 𝑛
identities 𝑎 +𝑛𝐶 1 𝑎 𝑏+𝑛𝐶 2 𝑎 𝑏 +𝑛𝐶 3 𝑎 𝑏 +…… ……+𝑏

This involves changing

expressions involving a function Remember nCr is a function you can find on your
of θ into one without. calculator

 The first term has the full power of n

 For example changing a cos6θ  As you move across you slowly swap the powers over
into powers of cosθ to the second term until it has the full power of n

For example:
 You will need to use the ( 𝑎 +𝑏 )4 Follow the
binomial expansion from the pattern
regular Maths course 4 3 2 2 3 4 above
𝑎 + 4 𝐶 1 𝑎 𝑏+ 4 𝐶 2 𝑎 𝑏+ 4 𝐶 3 𝑎 𝑏+𝑏 You can
work out
4 3 2 2 3 4 the nCr parts
𝑎 + 4 𝑎 𝑏+6 𝑎 𝑏+ 4 𝑎 𝑏+𝑏

1D
( 𝑎+𝑏 )𝑛 =𝑎𝑛 +𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏+𝑛 𝐶 2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 +𝑛 𝐶 3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + … … … …+ 𝑏𝑛

Complex Numbers
You can apply De Moivre’s
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )3
theorem to trigonometric
identities

Express cos3θ using powers of cosθ.

 If we apply De Moivre’s theorem to this, we will end
up with a ‘cos3θ’ term
 This type of question involves
making a comparison between  If we apply the binomial expansion to it, we will end
two processes up with some terms with cosθ in

 So this expression is a good starting point!

 One which will give you a ‘cos3θ’
term – you will use De Moivre’s
Theorem for this

 One which will give you an

expression in terms of cosθ – you
will use the binomial expansion
for this

 You have to think logically and

decide where to start
1D
( 𝑎+𝑏 )𝑛 =𝑎𝑛 +𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏+𝑛 𝐶 2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 +𝑛 𝐶 3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + … … … …+ 𝑏𝑛

Complex Numbers
You can apply De Moivre’s
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )3
theorem to trigonometric
identities Apply De Moivre’s theorem

( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )3
Express cos3θ using powers of cosθ. Follow the rules you
¿𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 know

 This type of question involves

Apply the Binomial expansion
making a comparison between
two processes ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )3
Write
3 2 2 3 out
 One which will give you a ‘cos3θ’ ) 𝐶1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛+3
¿ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+3 𝜃 ) 𝐶 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+) ( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
‘Tidy
term – you will use De Moivre’s up’
3 2 2 2 3 3
Theorem for this ¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+3 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝜃3 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Replace i2
3 2 2 3 parts with -1
 One which will give you an
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+3 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
𝜃 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃− 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
expression in terms of cosθ – you The two expressions we have made must be equal
will use the binomial expansion  Therefore the real parts in each and the imaginary parts in each
for this must be the same
 Equate the real parts
3 2
 You have to think logically and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
decide where to start
1D
( 𝑎+𝑏 )𝑛 =𝑎𝑛 +𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏+𝑛 𝐶 2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 +𝑛 𝐶 3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + … … … …+ 𝑏𝑛

Complex Numbers
You can apply De Moivre’s
theorem to trigonometric
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 Replace sin2θ with an
identities expression in cos2θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 −3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 )
Expand the bracket
Express cos3θ using powers of cosθ. 3 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Simplify
 This type of question involves 3
making a comparison between 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃=4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
two processes

 One which will give you a ‘cos3θ’

We have successfully expressed
term – you will use De Moivre’s cos3θ as posers of cosθ!
Theorem for this

 One which will give you an

expression in terms of cosθ – you
will use the binomial expansion
for this

 You have to think logically and

decide where to start
1D
( 𝑎+𝑏 )𝑛 =𝑎𝑛 +𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏+𝑛 𝐶 2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 +𝑛 𝐶 3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + … … … …+ 𝑏𝑛

Complex Numbers
You can apply De Moivre’s
theorem to trigonometric
identities Apply De Moivre’s theorem (use a power 6 to get the term)

( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )6
Follow the rules you
Use De Moivre’s theorem to show ¿𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝜃 know
that:

Apply the Binomial expansion Write

out
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )6
¿ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+6
5
)6 𝐶 1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛+6
4
𝜃 ) 𝐶 2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛+6
2 3 3 2
+ ()5𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 6
) 4 𝐶 5 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃 ) 𝐶 3 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+6) 𝐶 4 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) ( 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+6
‘Tidy
up’
5 5 6 6 4 2 4
Replace i parts
2
6 5
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛+20𝑖
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝜃6𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛+15𝑖
2 4
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +15𝑖
2 3
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +6𝑖
3
𝜃 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝜃
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛+𝑖 3

with -1, i3 parts

2 4 5 6
with –i etc…
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝜃6𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛−15𝑐𝑜𝑠
6
𝜃
4 2
𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛−20𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜃
3 3
𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛+15𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜃 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +6𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜃 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝜃
The two expressions we have made must be equal
 Therefore the real parts in each and the imaginary parts in each must be the same
 Equate the real parts

𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠6 𝜃 −15 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+15𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜃

1D
( 𝑎+𝑏 )𝑛 =𝑎𝑛 +𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏+𝑛 𝐶 2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 +𝑛 𝐶 3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + … … … …+ 𝑏𝑛

Complex Numbers
You can apply De Moivre’s
theorem to trigonometric
identities

Use De Moivre’s theorem to show

that:

As in the previous example, we will need to use the relationship to get all the terms in cosine

6 4 2 2 4 6
𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+15𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 Replace terms with
2 3 terms
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) +15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ( 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) − ( 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
6 4 2 2 2 2
Expand
powered
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ( 1 −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) − ( 1− 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6
brackets
Expand again
6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6
¿𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −15𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+15𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −30 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +15𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃− 1+3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Group like
6 4 2 terms
¿32𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −48 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +18𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −1

1D
 1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑧
Complex Numbers
You can apply De Moivre’s Let: 𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Write as ‘1 over’ 
theorem to trigonometric
identities 1 −1
or with a power of -
(
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 1
𝑧
Use De
The examples we just saw were Moivre’s
changing linear terms into ‘power’ 1
=cos ⁡( −𝜃)+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(− 𝜃) theorem
terms (eg into ) 𝑧
Use cos(-θ) = cosθ
1 and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
You also need to be able to work =cos 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧
in the opposite direction ie)
changing a powered term into
linear terms We can add our two results together:

1
𝑧 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ () 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
Eg) Changing to + 𝑧+ =¿
where a and b are integers Simplify
1
𝑧 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑧 + =¿
 To do this we need to know
some other patterns first!

1D
 1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑧
1
𝑧 − =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Complex Numbers
You can apply De Moivre’s Let: 𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Write as ‘1 over’ 
theorem to trigonometric
identities 1 −1
or with a power of -
(
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 1
𝑧
Use De
The examples we just saw were Moivre’s
changing linear terms into ‘power’ 1
=cos ⁡( −𝜃)+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(− 𝜃) theorem
terms (eg into ) 𝑧
Use cos(-θ) = cosθ
1 and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
You also need to be able to work =cos 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧
in the opposite direction ie)
changing a powered term into
linear terms We could also subtract our two
results:
1
𝑧 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃−)( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
Eg) Changing to + 𝑧− =¿
where a and b are integers Simplify
1
𝑧 2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 − =¿
 To do this we need to know
some other patterns first!

1D
 1 𝑛 1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧
1
𝑧 − =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Complex Numbers
𝑛
You can apply De Moivre’s Let: 𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
Write as ‘1 over’ 
theorem to trigonometric
identities 1 −1 or with a power of -
𝑛
= ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 ) 1
𝑧
Use De
The examples we just saw were Moivre’s
changing linear terms into ‘power’ 1
𝑛
=cos ⁡(−𝑛 𝜃)+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(− 𝑛 𝜃) theorem
terms (eg into ) 𝑧
Use cos(-θ) = cosθ
1 and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
You also need to be able to work 𝑛
=cos 𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
in the opposite direction ie) 𝑧
changing a powered term into
linear terms We could add our two results
together:
𝑛 1
𝑧 + =¿
Eg) Changing to +
𝑧 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃+ ()𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 )
𝑛

where a and b are integers Simplify

𝑛 1
𝑧 + 𝑛 =¿
𝑧 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃
 To do this we need to know
some other patterns first!
 You can also apply the rules we
just saw to powers of z

1D
 1 𝑛 1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧
1
𝑧 − =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Complex Numbers 𝑛 1
𝑧 − 𝑛 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
𝑧

𝑛
You can apply De Moivre’s Let: 𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
Write as ‘1 over’ 
theorem to trigonometric
identities 1 −1 or with a power of -
𝑛
= ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 ) 1
𝑧
Use De
The examples we just saw were Moivre’s
changing linear terms into ‘power’ 1
𝑛
=cos ⁡(−𝑛 𝜃)+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(− 𝑛 𝜃) theorem
terms (eg into ) 𝑧
Use cos(-θ) = cosθ
1 and sin(-θ) = -sinθ
You also need to be able to work 𝑛
=cos 𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
in the opposite direction ie) 𝑧
changing a powered term into
linear terms We could also subtract our two
results:
𝑛 1
𝑧 − =¿
Eg) Changing to +
𝑧 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃−)( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃− 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 )
𝑛

where a and b are integers Simplify

𝑛 1
𝑧 − 𝑛 =¿
𝑧 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
 To do this we need to know
some other patterns first!
 You can also apply the rules we
just saw to powers of z

1D
 1 𝑛 1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧
1
𝑧 − =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Complex Numbers 𝑛 1
𝑧 − 𝑛 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
𝑧

Let
You can apply De Moivre’s
theorem to trigonometric Creating a cos5θ term Using the
identities
Identity above

( )
5
1
𝑧 + ¿ ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ¿)5 32 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃
Let’s now see how we can use 𝑧
these ‘patterns’ in solving
problems: Creating the other cos terms – use the Binomial expansion!

( )
5
1
𝑧+
𝑧 Use the
Express cos5θ in the form B.E.
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 3 4 5

acos5θ + bcos3θ + ccosθ ¿ 𝑧+5 𝑧

5 4
( )
1
𝑧
3 1
𝑧
2 1
𝑧 𝑧
1
+10 𝑧 +10 𝑧 +5 𝑧 +
1
𝑧 Cancel
some z
Where a, b and c are constants to
be found.
¿ 𝑧+5 𝑧+1 0 +
5 3 1 1
( ) ( )( )
1
𝑧1 0 𝑧+5 𝑧 3+ 𝑧 5 terms
Group up terms
with the same

 You will need to use the

5
( 1 3 1
¿ 𝑧 + 5+5 𝑧 + +10
𝑧 𝑧
3 )(
𝑧+
1
𝑧 ) ( ) power
Rewrite using an
identities above to create a identity above
term, as well as terms in , and ¿2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5+𝜃5 (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)
+10 (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
Simplify
¿2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5+10𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜃 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
3+20
1D
 1 𝑛 1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧
1
𝑧 − =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Complex Numbers 𝑛 1
𝑧 − 𝑛 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
𝑧

Using the two expressions

You can apply De Moivre’s

( )
theorem to trigonometric 1
5
These two
identities 𝑧 + ¿ 32 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 expressions must
𝑧 be equal to each

( 𝑧 )¿2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 +10𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃+20𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
5 other
Let’s now see how we can use 1
these ‘patterns’ in solving
𝑧 +
problems:

Express cos5θ in the form 5

32𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=2𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝜃+10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃+20𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
acos5θ + bcos3θ + ccosθ Divide both
5 1 5 5 sides by 32
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
16 16 8
Where a, b and c are constants to
be found.
So we have written cos5θ using
cos5θ, cos3θ and cosθ!
 You will need to use the
identities above to create a
term, as well as terms in , and

1D
 1 𝑛1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧
1
𝑧 − =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Complex Numbers 𝑛 1
𝑧 − 𝑛 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
𝑧

Using an Identity above

Creating a sin θ term4 (needs to be a subtraction to
You can apply De Moivre’s get the term in sine)

( )
theorem to trigonometric 1
4
4
identities 𝑧 − ¿ ( 2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃¿)416 𝑖 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
¿ 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧
a) Express sin4θ in the form:
𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜃+𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃+ 𝑓 Creating the cos terms – use the Binomial expansion!

( )
4
1
𝑧−
Where d, e and f are constants to 𝑧 Use the
B.E.
( ) ( ) ( )( )
be found. 1 2 1 1 2
1 3 4

¿ 𝑧+ 4 𝑧 − 𝑧+6 𝑧 − 𝑧+ 4 𝑧 − 𝑧+ − 𝑧
4 3

Cancel
b) Hence, find the exact value of
the following
𝜋
2
integral: ¿ 𝑧− 4 𝑧 +6
4 −4
(𝑧 )( 𝑧 )
1
+
12
2 4
some z
terms
Group up terms with the same
power (use positive values in
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
( )(
the brackets so we get cos
0 ¿ 𝑧 +
4 1
𝑧
2
4− 4 𝑧 +
1
𝑧
+6
2 ) Replace using an
terms)

identity above
 Start exactly as with the previous +6
¿2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4−𝜃4(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃)
question, by finding an expression Simplify
with sin4θ and one with cos4θ,
cos2θ and a number (notice that
¿2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4−𝜃8𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
+6
we are expressing sine as cosine)
1D
 1 𝑛 1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧
1
𝑧 − =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Complex Numbers 𝑛 1
𝑧 − 𝑛 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
𝑧

Using the two expressions

You can apply De Moivre’s

( )
theorem to trigonometric 1
4
These two
identities 𝑧 − ¿ 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 expressions must
𝑧 be equal to each

( 𝑧 )¿2𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃+6

4 other
a) Express sin4θ in the form: 1
𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜃+𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃+ 𝑓 𝑧 −

Where d, e and f are constants to

be found.
16 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃=2𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 8𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃+6
Divide both
b) Hence, find the exact value of 1 1 3 sides by 16
4
the following
𝜋 integral: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+
2 8 2 8
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
0
So we have written sin4θ using
cos4θ and cos2θ!
 Start exactly as with the previous
question, by finding an expression
with sin4θ and one with cos4θ,
cos2θ and a number (notice that
we are expressing sine as cosine)
1D
 1 𝑛 1
𝑧+ =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧
1
𝑧 − =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Complex Numbers 𝑛 1
𝑧 − 𝑛 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
𝑧
Cosine
Integrals (in
1 1 3 1
Pure Year 2)
∫
4
You can apply De Moivre’s 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜃= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃
theorem to trigonometric
8 2 8 4
identities 1
∫
𝜋
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃 2
0
a) Express sin4θ in the form:
𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜃+𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃+ 𝑓 Replace with
an equivalent
𝜋 expression
2
Where d, e and f are constants to ∫ 18 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 38 𝑑 𝜃
be found. 0
Integrate each term with
respect to θ, using
𝜋
1 1 +3 knowledge from C4
b) Hence, find the exact value of ¿ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4
[ −𝜃
¿ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2]𝜃 2𝜃
the following integral: 32 4 08
𝜋 Sub in
2 limits
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
0
¿
[ 1
32 ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4
𝜋
2
1
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
4 2 ( ) ( )[]
𝜋 3 𝜋 1
+ −
8 2 32
1
4
3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 ( 0 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 0 ) + ( 0 )
8 ] Work
out
3
¿ 𝜋
 Start exactly as with the previous 16
question, by finding an expression
with sin4θ and one with cos4θ,
cos2θ and a number (notice that
we are expressing sine as cosine)
1D
Teachings for
Exercise 1E
 Complex Numbers
You can use the results for
Geometric series with complex
numbers

= the first term

= the common ratio
= the number of terms

Sum to infinity of a
Sum of a 𝑎 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛) 𝑎
𝑆 𝑛= 𝑆∞= geometric series, valid
geometric series 1 −𝑟 1 −𝑟 when

For
The alternative form
is also ok!
= the first term
𝑤 ( 𝑧 𝑛 −1 )
= the common ratio
𝑧 −1 = the number of terms

Sum of a geometric
𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 ) 𝑤 Sum to infinity of a geometric
series with complex ¿ ¿ series with complex numbers,
numbers 1−𝑧 1− 𝑧 valid when

1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
2 𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0

Complex Numbers
You can use the results for
Geometric series with complex
numbers

Formally, it looks like this…

For

𝑛− 1
𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟
¿ 𝑤+ 𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
2 𝑛 −1
¿
1−𝑧
𝑟 =0

∞
𝑤
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 ¿ 𝑤 + 𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧2 +. . ¿
1− 𝑧
,|𝑧 |<1
𝑟 =0

1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖
𝑛 1
𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
You can use the results for 𝑧 Use the
Geometric series with complex exponential form,
numbers 𝑛 1
( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝜃 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
(𝑒 )
Rewrite
You will also need a variation on a 𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃
result from the previous section
𝑒 +𝑒 =2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
(you should hopefully have Divide by 2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃
encountered this in exercise 1D!) ( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
𝑛 1 1
𝑧 + 𝑛
=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 =2 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧
𝑛 1
𝑧 − 𝑛
=2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 Use the
𝑛 1 exponential form,
You will need to learn to ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ) − 𝑛
=2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 )
spot situations where Rewrite
𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
you can create this 𝑒 −𝑒 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
pattern in order to use Divide by
it! 1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒− 𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 2i
2𝑖

1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =− 1
Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖
𝑤 ( 1− 𝑧 𝑛 )
You can use the results for
1−𝑧
Geometric series with complex In this question, , and
numbers
( )
𝑖𝜋 𝑛
𝑛
1− 𝑒
¿ 𝑖𝜋
𝑛
Given that , where is a positive 1 −𝑒
integer, show that: We can simplify the
𝑖𝜋
1− 𝑒 numerator
¿ 𝑖𝜋
𝑛
1− 𝑒
1+ 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 +..+ 𝑧 𝑛 −1= 1+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 𝜋
2𝑛 )
 You will need to use the
exponential form of in order to Start with Euler’s relation…
then use the patterns we just
saw… 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑖𝜃
Let
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑒 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋
𝜋 Calculate terms on
( )
𝜋 𝜋
( )
𝑖
𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 =𝑒 𝑒
𝑖𝜋
=− 1+ 𝑖(0) RHS
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖𝜋 Simplif
𝑛
¿𝑒 𝑒 𝑖 𝜋 =− 1 y
(don’t confuse symbols with the letter ‘n’!) Add 1
𝑖𝜋
𝑒 +1= 0
This is known as ‘Euler’s identity’, and is one of the most famous relationships in all of 1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =− 1
Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖
𝑤 ( 1− 𝑧 𝑛 )
You can use the results for
1−𝑧
Geometric series with complex In this question, , and
numbers
( )
𝑖𝜋 𝑛
𝑛
1− 𝑒
¿ 𝑖𝜋
𝑛
Given that , where is a positive 1 −𝑒
integer, show that: We can simplify the
𝑖𝜋
1− 𝑒 numerator
¿ 𝑖𝜋
𝑛
1− 𝑒
1+ 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 +..+ 𝑧 𝑛 −1= 1+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 𝜋
2𝑛 ) The numerator will
therefore be equal to 2
 You will need to use the 2
exponential form of in order to ¿ 𝑖𝜋 Now we need to manipulate the
then use the patterns we just 1− 𝑒 𝑛
fraction to create one of the patterns
saw… above. The denominator has a
− 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛 subtraction, so we are aiming for that
2𝑒  Multiplyone…
all terms by
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑒
𝑖𝜃 ¿ −𝑖 𝜋 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛 2𝑛
𝑒 −𝑒
𝜋

( ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋 𝑖 Now multiply all terms by -1 (the terms
𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 =𝑒 𝑛 on the denominator have had their
𝑛 𝑛 − 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛
𝑖𝜋 −2 𝑒 positions switched)
𝑛
¿ 𝑖𝜋 − 𝑖𝜋
¿𝑒 𝑒 2𝑛
−𝑒 2𝑛

(don’t confuse symbols with the letter ‘n’!)

1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =− 1
Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖
− 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛
You can use the results for −2 𝑒
¿
Geometric series with complex 𝑖𝜋 − 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛
𝑒 2𝑛
−𝑒
numbers Replace denominator with
−𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛
−2 𝑒
¿
Given that , where is a positive
integer, show that:
2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 )

1+ 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 +..+ 𝑧 𝑛 −1= 1+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 2𝜋𝑛 ) 1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃

( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
 You will need to use the
exponential form of in order to 2𝑖
Multiply by 2i
then use the patterns we just
𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
saw… 𝑒 −𝑒 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
Replace with
𝑖𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑒 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋

( 2𝜋𝑛 )
−
2𝑛 2𝑛
𝑒 −𝑒 =2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋

( )
𝜋 𝜋
( )
𝑖
𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 =𝑒 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖𝜋
𝑛
¿𝑒
(don’t confuse symbols with the letter ‘n’!)

1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =− 1
Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖
− 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛
You can use the results for −2 𝑒
¿
Geometric series with complex 𝑖𝜋 − 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛
𝑒 2𝑛
−𝑒
numbers Replace denominator with
−𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛
−2 𝑒
¿
Given that , where is a positive
integer, show that:
2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 )
Divide all by 2
−𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛
−𝑒
¿
1+ 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 +..+ 𝑧 𝑛 −1= 1+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 2𝜋𝑛 ) 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 ) You can rewrite like this (you will
 You will need to use the not need to do this everytime, but
exponential form of in order to −𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛 it helps to show what happens
1 −𝑒
then use the patterns we just ¿ × next…)
saw… 𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 )
𝑖𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑒
𝜋

( )
𝜋 𝜋
( )
𝑖
𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 =𝑒 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖𝜋
Let 1=𝑥 ×𝑖 Let
¿𝑒 𝑛
So
1=−𝑖 ×𝑖 Rewrite RHS
(don’t confuse symbols with the letter ‘n’!) 2
So
1=−𝑖
This works!
1= 1 1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =− 1
Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖
− 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛
You can use the results for −2 𝑒
¿
Geometric series with complex 𝑖𝜋 − 𝑖𝜋
2𝑛
𝑒 2𝑛
−𝑒
numbers Replace denominator with
−𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛
−2 𝑒
¿
Given that , where is a positive
integer, show that:
2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 )
Divide all by 2
−𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛
−𝑒
¿
1+ 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 +..+ 𝑧 𝑛 −1= 1+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 2𝜋𝑛 ) 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 ) You can rewrite like this (you will
 You will need to use the not need to do this everytime, but
exponential form of in order to −𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛 it helps to show what happens
1 −𝑒
then use the patterns we just ¿ × next…)
saw… 𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 ) Replace with
𝑖𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑒 −𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛
−𝑒
𝜋 ¿ −𝑖 ×
( )
𝜋 𝜋
( )
𝑖
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑛
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑛
=𝑒 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 )
𝑖𝜋
𝑛 Simplify
¿𝑒 𝑖𝑒
−𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛
¿
(don’t confuse symbols with the letter ‘n’!)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 )
1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =− 1
Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖
−𝑖 𝜋
2𝑛
𝑖𝑒
You can use the results for ¿
Geometric series with complex
numbers
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2𝜋𝑛 ) Remember to check what you are
‘aiming’ for
 We need to have no ‘e’ terms, as
well as a cot term. So we need to

¿
(
𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( −2 𝑛𝜋 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( −2 𝑛𝜋 )) replace e with trigonometry… Use
Euler’s relation with
Given that , where is a positive
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
2𝑛 )
𝜋
integer, show that: Use and

(
𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2𝑛
𝜋
)− 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2𝜋𝑛 )) (this will make all the angles
2
1+ 𝑧 + 𝑧 +..+ 𝑧 𝑛 −1
= 1+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡
𝜋
2𝑛 ( ) ¿
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
2𝑛)
𝜋
the same)

 You will need to use the Expand the bracket on the

exponential form of in order to numerator (this will give a
then use the patterns we just
saw… ¿
𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2𝑛
𝜋
)+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2𝜋𝑛 ) which equals +1)

𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
2𝑛 )
𝜋

𝑖𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑒 Simplify
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
𝑛( )
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
𝑛
𝑖
=𝑒 𝑛 ( ) ¿ 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 2𝜋𝑛 )+ 1
𝑖𝜋
𝑛
¿𝑒
(don’t confuse symbols with the letter ‘n’!)

1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =− 1
Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖

You can use the results for The series:

Geometric series with complex
numbers 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 +𝑒 2𝑖 𝜃 + 𝑒3 𝑖 𝜃 +..+ 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃
is geometric with first term , common ratio and
You can also use patterns where terms.
you separate the real and
imaginary parts of a geometric 𝑤 (1 − 𝑧 𝑛)
series 𝑆 𝑛=
1− 𝑧
Replace , and

𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 ( 1− 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 )
𝑆 𝑛=
1 −𝑒 𝑖 𝜃
Remember this can be
written in this way as
𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 ( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 −1 ) well
𝑆 𝑛=
𝑒𝑖 𝜃 −1

1E
 𝑤 ( 1 − 𝑧𝑛 )
𝑛− 1 ∞

∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 2
=𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 +..+𝑤 𝑧
𝑛 −1
=
1−𝑧
∑ 𝑤𝑧 𝑟 =𝑤+𝑤𝑧 +𝑤 𝑧 2+ ..= 1−𝑤𝑧 ,|𝑧|< 1
𝑟 =0 𝑟 =0
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜋
𝑒 =− 1
Complex Numbers
( 𝑒 +𝑒 ) =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃
2
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖

You can use the results for 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 ( 1− 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 ) 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 ( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 −1 )

Geometric series with complex 𝑆 𝑛= 𝑆 𝑛=
1 −𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 −1
numbers

You can also use patterns where

you separate the real and
imaginary parts of a geometric
series
𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 +𝑒 2𝑖 𝜃 + 𝑒3 𝑖 𝜃 +..+ 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 Replacing each
term using Euler’s
¿ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) + ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ) + ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 ) +..+ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 ) relation
Grouping real and
imaginary parts
¿ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃+ ..+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃 ) +𝑖 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+..+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 ) separately

Rea Imaginary
Therefore: l

𝑒 ( 1 −𝑒 )
( )
𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 The sum of the sequence on the
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 +..+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃 =𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜃 left side is the real part of the
1 −𝑒 formula on the right side

𝑒 ( 1 −𝑒
( )
)
𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 The sum of the sequence on the
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 +..+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 =𝐼𝑚 𝑖𝜃
left side is the imaginary part of
1 −𝑒 the formula on the right side

1E
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃+..+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃=𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+..+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃=𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 )
𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 1− 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 ) 𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 − 1 )

Complex Numbers
𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃 𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃
1 −𝑒 𝑒 −1

You can use the results for

Geometric series with complex
numbers The restriction here is because if was So using this formula
a multiple of , then the denominator should lead to fewer
of the result would be 0 steps!
, for , where is an integer

a) Show that

The denominator contains sine,

1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
 For this you will need to use one which means we are probably ( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
of the formulae for the sum of a going to use the formula to the 2𝑖
complex series shown above right to replace it as in the
previous example

 Either will work, but to make it

easier, consider the The power on the left needs to be
denominator… higher than the power on the
right, if it is written this way

1E
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃+..+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃=𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+..+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃=𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 )
𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 1− 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 ) 𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 − 1 )

Complex Numbers
𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃 𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃
1 −𝑒 𝑒 −1

𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 ( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 − 1 )
You can use the results for 𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃
Geometric series with complex 𝑒 −1
numbers In our question,
𝑒 𝑖𝜃
( (𝑒 )𝑖𝜃 8
−1 )
, for , where is an integer
¿ 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 −1
Rewrite
𝑒 𝑖𝜃
(𝑒
−1) 8𝑖 𝜃
¿ 𝑖𝜃
a) Show that 𝑒 −1 Multiply the numerator and denominator
𝑖𝜃
by , in order to create the pattern we need
𝑒 2
( 𝑒8 𝑖 𝜃 − 1 ) on the denominator
¿ 𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝜃
−
𝑒 2
−𝑒 2
Replace the denominator using
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃 the pattern to the left
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝜃
2𝑖 𝑒 2
( 𝑒8 𝑖 𝜃 − 1 )
Multiply by 2i ¿

𝑒 −𝑒
𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
=2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃2 ) To create a similar pattern
on the numerator, ‘factorise
Replace with 𝑖𝜃
out’ from the bracket
𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 4 𝑖 𝜃 ( 𝑒 4 𝑖 𝜃 −𝑒 −4 𝑖 𝜃 )
( )
2
− 𝜃 𝑒
𝑒 −𝑒 2 2
=2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ¿
2 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )𝜃
2

1E
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃+..+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃=𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+..+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃=𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 )
𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 1− 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 ) 𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 − 1 )

Complex Numbers
𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃 𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃
1 −𝑒 𝑒 −1

𝑖𝜃

You can use the results for 𝑒 2

𝑒 4 𝑖 𝜃 ( 𝑒 4 𝑖 𝜃 −𝑒 −4 𝑖 𝜃 )
¿
Geometric series with complex
numbers
2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝜃
2 Simplify/replace terms
on the numerator
9𝑖𝜃
, for , where is an integer 𝑒 2
( 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 𝜃 ) )
¿
2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜃2 ) Divide numerator
a) Show that and denominator by
9𝑖𝜃
2
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 𝜃 )
¿
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜃
2 ( )
1 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
( 𝑒 − 𝑒 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2𝑖
Multiply by 2i
𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑒 −𝑒 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
Replace with
4𝑖 𝜃 − 4 𝑖𝜃
𝑒 −𝑒 =2 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 𝜃 )

1E
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃+..+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃=𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+..+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃=𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 )
𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 1− 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 ) 𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 − 1 )

Complex Numbers
𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃 𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃
1 −𝑒 𝑒 −1

( )
9𝑖 𝜃
2
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃
You can use the results for 𝑃= 𝑅𝑒
Geometric series with complex
numbers
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜃
2 ( )
Replace the exponential

( )
term using Euler’s
, for , where is an integer
¿ 𝑅𝑒
( ( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠
9𝜃
2
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
9𝜃
2( )) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 relation

𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜃
2
For , we are only
a) Show that considering the real part

¿
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 92𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
Let: 𝜃
2
From this, is the real part of the
Rewritein part
sum of , which we showed
a)
¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
9𝜃
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜃
2 ()
b) Use your answer to part a to
show that , and find similar
expressions for and

1E
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃+..+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃=𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+..+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃=𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 )
𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 1− 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 ) 𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 − 1 )

Complex Numbers
𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃 𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃
1 −𝑒 𝑒 −1

( )
9𝑖𝜃
2
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃
You can use the results for 𝑄=𝐼𝑚
Geometric series with complex
numbers
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜃
2 ( )
Replace the exponential

( )
term using Euler’s
, for , where is an integer
¿ 𝐼𝑚
( ( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠
9𝜃
2
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
9𝜃
2( )) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 relation

𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜃 For , we are only
2 considering the imaginary
part (you don’t need to
a) Show that include the itself since the

¿
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 92𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 expression for Q on the left
does not)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
Let: 𝜃
2
Rewrite part
From this, is the imaginary
9 𝜃 of the sum of , which we showed
¿ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜃
( 2)
in part a)

b) Use your answer to part a to

show that , and find similar
expressions for and

1E
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃+..+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃=𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+..+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃=𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑒𝑖 𝜃 ( 1 −𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝜃 )
1 −𝑒
𝑖𝜃 )
𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 1− 𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝜃 ) 𝑒
𝑖𝜃
( 𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝜃 − 1 )

Complex Numbers
𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃 𝑆 𝑛= 𝑖𝜃
1 −𝑒 𝑒 −1

You can use the results for

Geometric series with complex
numbers
𝑃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
9𝜃
2
𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑄=𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
9𝜃
2 ()
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐( )
𝜃
2 ()
, for , where is an integer

𝑃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 92𝜃 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 𝜃2 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
2 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( )
𝑄 9𝜃 𝜃
2
a) Show that
Simplify

Let:
𝑃
𝑄
=𝑡𝑎𝑛
9𝜃
2 ( )

b) Use your answer to part a to

show that , and find similar
expressions for and

1E
Teachings for
Exercise 1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to find
the nth roots of a complex number

You already know how to find real roots of a

number, but now we need to find both real
roots and imaginary roots!

We need to apply the following results:

1) If: 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )

 Then:𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡( 𝜃+2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2 𝑘 𝜋 ))

where k is an integer

This is because we can add multiples of 2π to

the argument as it will end up in the same
place (2π = 360º)

2) De Moivre’s theorem
𝑛
[ 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ] =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )
1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
Im
In this case the
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to modulus and argument
find the nth roots of a complex
are simple to find!
number

𝑟 =1 1
Solve the equation z = 1 and represent
3 Re
your solutions on an Argand diagram. 𝜃=0
 First you need to express z in the
modulus-argument form. Use an Argand
diagram. 3
𝑧 =1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 ) Apply the
rule above
𝑧 =( cos ⁡(0+ 2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(0 +2 𝑘 𝜋 ) )
 Now we know r and θ we can set z3 equal 3
to this expression, when written in the Cube root (use
modulus-argument form 1
a relevant
𝑧 =[ cos ( 0+2 𝑘 𝜋 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( 0+2 𝑘 𝜋 ) ]
3
power)
Apply De
 We can then find an expression for z in Moivre’s
terms of k
𝑧=cos (
0+ 2 𝑘 𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
0+ 2𝑘 𝜋
3 ( ) theorem

 We can then solve this to find the roots

of the equation above
1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to
𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )
0 +2 𝑘 𝜋
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
0 +2 𝑘 𝜋
3 )
find the nth roots of a complex
number k=0

𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 0 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 0 ) Sub k = 0 in and

Solve the equation z3 = 1 and represent calculate the
your solutions on an Argand diagram. 𝑧 =1 cosine and sine
parts
k=1
 We now just need to choose different
values for k until we have found all the
roots
𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 2𝜋
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2𝜋
3 ( ) Sub k = 1 in and
calculate the
𝑧 =− +𝑖 √
1 3 cosine and sine
 The values of k you choose should 2 2 parts
keep the argument within the range:
-π < θ ≤ π k = -1

( ) ( )
So the roots of z3 = 1 are: 2𝜋 2𝜋 Sub k = -1 in and
𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑠 − +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 − calculate the
𝑧 =1 ,− +𝑖 √ ∧− −𝑖 √
1 3 1 3 3 3 cosine and sine
2 2 2 2 parts
𝑧 =− − 𝑖 √
1 3  (k = 2 would
(these are known as the cube 2 2 cause the
roots of unity (ie 1)) argument to be
outside the range) 1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
Im

You can use De Moivre’s theorem to

find the nth roots of a complex
+𝒊 √
number 𝟏 𝟑
−
𝟐 𝟐
Solve the equation z3 = 1 and represent 2
your solutions on an Argand diagram.
2
3
𝜋
𝟏
𝜋 Re
3
2
 We now just need to choose different 𝜋
3
values for k until we have found all the
roots
−𝒊 √
𝟏 𝟑
−
𝟐 𝟐
 The values of k you choose should
keep the argument within the range:
-π < θ ≤ π  The solutions will all the same distance from the origi
So the roots of z3 = 1 are:

𝑧 =1 ,− +𝑖 √ ∧− −𝑖 √
1 3 1 3  The angles between them will also be the same
2 2 2 2
 The sum of the roots is always equal to 0

1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
𝜔=− +𝑖 √
1 3
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to 2 2
find the nth roots of a complex Square
number
( )
2
𝜔 = − +𝑖 √
2 1 3
2 2
b) Show that the three cube roots of 1 Expand bracket
can be written as where
−𝑖 √ −𝑖 √ + 𝑖2
1 3 3 3
𝜔 2=
4 4 4 4
The roots of z3 = 1 are:
Simplify
𝑧 =1 ,− +𝑖 √ ∧− −𝑖 √
1 3 1 3
𝜔 = −2 𝑖 √ −
2 1 3 3
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
Simplify
−𝑖 √ more
1 3
𝜔 2=−
2 2

 Let (ie the second of the roots)

2
1+ 𝜔+ 𝜔 =0
Replace
1+− +𝑖 √ − −𝑖 √ =0
1 3 1 3 terms
2 2 2 2

1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to
find the nth roots of a complex
number This result will be very important next lesson!
In general, the solutions to are for

 These are known as the nth roots of unity

 If is a positive integer, there will be a root of unity such that:

 The roots can be written as

 (we just showed an example of this)

 The roots will form the vertices of a regular polygon (more on

this next lesson!)

1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
Im
Find the modulus
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to and argument
find the nth roots of a complex
number
√ 2 2
𝑟 = ( 2 ) + ( 2 √3 ) 𝑟 =4
r

θ
2√3

Solve the equation 𝜃=𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )2 √3

2
𝜃=
𝜋
3
2
Re

Give your answers in both the modulus-

argument and exponential forms.

By rearranging…
4
( ( ) ( ))
𝑧 =4 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
3
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
3 Apply the

( ( ))
rule above
4
𝑧 =4 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
3 ) (
+2 𝑘 𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
3
+2𝑘 𝜋 Take the 4th

[ 3 ]
1 root of
𝑧= 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 2 𝑘 𝜋 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 2𝑘 𝜋 ))
𝜋 𝜋 4
each side
 As before, use an argand diagram to
3
express the complex number in the De Moivre’s

( ( ) ( ))
𝜋 𝜋
modulus-argument form 1 +2 𝑘 𝜋 +2 𝑘 𝜋 Theorem
3 3
𝑧 = 4 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
4 4 Work out the

( ( ) ( ))
𝜋 𝜋 power at the
+2𝑘 𝜋 +2𝑘 𝜋
3 3
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 front
4 4
 Then choose values of k until you have
found all the solutions 1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
( ( ) ( ))
𝜋 𝜋
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to 𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3
4 4 Sub k = 0 in and
find the nth roots of a complex
number k=0 simplify (you can
( 12
( 𝜋
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 12 )
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 leave in this form)

( ( ))
Solve the equation
) (
𝜋 𝜋
+2𝜋 +2 𝜋
3 3
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
4 4
k=1
Give your answers in both the modulus-
argument and exponential forms. ( 12
( 7𝜋
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
12 ))
7𝜋

Choose

( ( ) ( ))
𝜋 𝜋
3
−2𝜋
3
−2𝜋 values of k
By rearranging… 𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
k = -1
4 4 that keep
the
√ (
𝑧= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− ( 12 ))
12 )
5𝜋 5𝜋 argument
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
between –π
 As before, use an argand diagram to and π
( ( ) ( ))
𝜋 𝜋
−2𝜋 −2𝜋
express the complex number in the 𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3

( ( ) ( ))
modulus-argument
𝜋 form
𝜋 4 4
+2𝑘 𝜋 +2𝑘 𝜋 k = -2
3 3
√ (
𝑧= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− ( 12 ))
12 )
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 11 𝜋 11 𝜋
4 4 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −

 Then choose values of k until you have

found all the solutions 1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
Solutions in the modulus-argument
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to form
find the nth roots of a complex
number 𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋
12
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
( ( )
12 ( ))
𝑧=√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −
5𝜋
12 ( ( ) ( ))
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
5𝜋
12

Solve the equation

𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
7𝜋
12
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
( ( )
7𝜋
12
𝑧=√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −( ))
11 𝜋
12 ( (
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
11 𝜋
12 ) ( ))
Give your answers in both the modulus- Solutions in the exponential
argument and exponential forms. form𝜋 5𝜋
𝑖 − 𝑖
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑒 12 𝑧 =√ 2 𝑒 12
7𝜋 11 𝜋
𝑖 − 𝑖
By rearranging…
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑒 12
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑒 12

 As before, use an argand diagram to

express the complex number in the

( ( ) ( ))
modulus-argument
𝜋 form
𝜋
+2𝑘 𝜋 +2𝑘 𝜋
3 3
𝑧 =√ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
4 4

 Then choose values of k until you have

found all the solutions 1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
Im
Find the modulus and argument
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to
find the nth roots of a complex
number √ 2 2
𝑟 = ( 4 √ 2 ) + ( 4 √ 2 ) 𝑟 =8
3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 =− 4√2
Solve the equation: 4 θ
Re

𝑧 + 4 √ 2+4 𝑖 √ 2=0
3
4√2
r
Rearrang
𝑧 =− 4 √ 2 − 4 𝑖 √ 2
3
e

 Sketch the complex number on an For the angle, since the lengths are equal,
argand diagram
So the argument will be equal to

You can also solve these problems using

the exponential form

𝑧 =− 4 √ 2 − 4 𝑖 √ 2
3

3𝜋
Write using the exponential
𝑖
𝑧 3=8 𝑒
−
4 form

1F
𝐼𝑓 : 𝑧=𝑟 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 𝑇h𝑒𝑛: 𝑧=𝑟 ( cos ⁡(𝜃 +2 𝑘 𝜋)+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋)[)𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ]𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 )

Complex Numbers
3𝜋
− 𝑖
3 4
You can use De Moivre’s theorem to 𝑧 =8 𝑒
Apply the rule
find the nth roots of a complex
number above
3 ( − 34𝜋 +2 𝑘 𝜋 ) 𝑖
𝑧 =8 𝑒
Cube root
Solve the equation:
1
3
1
3(−
3𝜋
4
+2 𝑘 𝜋 𝑖 )
𝑧 =8 𝑒
𝑧 + 4 √ 2+4 𝑖 √ 2=0
3
Simplif
( )
3𝜋
−
4
+2𝑘𝜋
𝑖
y
3
𝑧 =2 𝑒

𝑘= 0 𝑘=− 1
𝑘=1

( ) ( ) ( )
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
− − +2𝜋 − −2 𝜋
4 4 4
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
3 3 3
𝑧 =2 𝑒 𝑧 =2 𝑒 𝑧 =2 𝑒

𝜋 5𝜋 11 𝜋
− 𝑖 𝑖 − 𝑖
4
𝑧 =2 𝑒 𝑧 =2 𝑒 12
𝑧 =2 𝑒 12

Remember to ensure that the arguments are between and

1F
Teachings for
Exercise 1G
 In general, the solutions to are for

Complex Numbers
Im
Find the modulus and argument
You can use the properties of
𝑟 =√ ( 7 ) + ( 24 ) 𝑟 =25
2 2
complex nth roots to solve
geometric problems r
24
(to 2dp)
θ
Re
7
Find the 6 roots of the complex
th

number

𝑧 6=7 +24 𝑖 Rewrite in

modulus-argument
𝑧 =25 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 1.29 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 1.29 ) )
6
form
Use the rule above
𝑧 =25 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 1.29+2 𝑘 𝜋 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 1.29+ 2𝑘 𝜋 ) )
6

1 Take the sixth root

𝑧 =[ 25 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 1.29+2 𝑘 𝜋 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 1.29+ 2𝑘 𝜋 ) ) ]
6

Rewrite and apply

6
𝑧 =√ 25 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ( 1.29+2 𝑘 𝜋
6 )
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 (
1.29+ 2 𝑘 𝜋
)) De Moivre’s
theorem

1G
 In general, the solutions to are for

Complex Numbers Im

𝑧5
You can use the properties of
complex nth roots to solve 𝑧6
geometric problems

𝑧4
Find the 6 roots of the complex
th
Re
number
𝑧1
6
( (
𝑧 =√ 25 𝑐𝑜𝑠
1.29+2 𝑘 𝜋
6 )
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
1.29+ 2 𝑘 𝜋
6 )) 𝑧3
𝑧2
𝑘=− 3 𝑧 1 =−1.67 − 0.36 𝑖
𝑘=− 2 𝑧 2=− 0.52− 1.63𝑖
𝑘=− 1 𝑧 3=1.15 − 1.26 𝑖
 The roots will form a regular polygon
𝑘= 0 𝑧 4= 1.67+ 0.36 𝑖
𝑘=1 𝑧 5 =0.52+1.63 𝑖 (each is the same distance from the origin ie)
the same magnitude, and due to sine and
𝑘= 2 𝑧 6=− 1.15+1.26 𝑖
cosine being cyclical they appear at
consistent intervals)

1G
 In general, the solutions to are for

Complex Numbers
You can use the properties of
complex nth roots to solve
geometric problems

Since we are finding the 6th

Find the 6th roots of unity roots, in all cases here

In general, the solutions to are for

𝑘=1 𝑘=6
𝑘= 2 𝑘=3 𝑘=4 𝑘=5
𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 26𝜋 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 26𝜋 ) 𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 46𝜋 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 46𝜋 ) 𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
6 )
6𝜋
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(
6 )
6𝜋
𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
6 )
8𝜋
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(
6 )
8𝜋
𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
6 )
10 𝜋
+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
6 )
10 𝜋
𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 126𝜋 )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 126𝜋 )
𝑧 = +𝑖 √ +𝑖 √ 𝑧 =− − 𝑖 √ 𝑧 = −𝑖 √
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
𝑧 =− 𝑧 =1
2 2 2 2 𝑧 =−1 2 2 2 2

x x x x x

The 6th roots of unity actually follow a cyclical sequence with common ratio
 Notice that this common ratio is the value we get when

1G
 In general, the solutions to are for

Complex Numbers
You can use the properties of
complex nth roots to solve
geometric problems Amazingly, the 6th roots of also
have the same common ratio!

Bringing things together…

The 6th roots of unity
𝑧 1 = +𝑖 √ +𝑖 √ 𝑧 4=− −𝑖 √ 𝑧 5 = −𝑖 √
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
𝑧 2=− 𝑧 3=−1 𝑧 6=1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

x x x x x

The 6th roots of

(the first example we did)
𝑧 1 =−1.67 − 0.36 𝑖 𝑧 2=− 0.52− 1.63𝑖 𝑧 3=1.15 −1.26 𝑖 𝑧 4=1.67+ 0.36 𝑖 𝑧 5 =0.52+1.63 𝑖 𝑧 6=− 1.15+1.26 𝑖

xx?? xx?? xx?? xx?? xx ??

1G
 In general, the solutions to are for

Complex Numbers Im
This is the result
when

𝑧5
You can use the properties of
complex nth roots to solve 𝑧6
geometric problems

𝑧4
Looking at the arrangement of
Re
points from our first example, we
°
can conclude that multiplying by 𝑧1 60
rotates a point anticlockwise
about the origin
𝑧3
𝑧2

 So, another way to find these To find all the roots of a complex number:
roots would have been to find one,
and then repeatedly multiply it by  First, find any root
until we have found all of them  Then find where
 Then multiply the root by repeatedly until you
have found all the roots

1G
 In general, the solutions to are for

Complex Numbers
You can use the properties of
complex nth roots to solve
geometric problems

More formally:

If is one root of the equation , and are the roots of unity, then the roots of
are given by

 First, find any root

 Then find where

 Then multiply the root by repeatedly until you

have found all the roots

1G
 In general, the solutions to are for  First, find any root
 Then find where
 Then multiply the

Complex Numbers root by repeatedly

until you have found
all the roots

You can use the properties of

complex nth roots to solve ( √ 3 ,1 ) This will be our
geometric problems first root,

x
The coordinate lies at one vertex of an
equilateral triangle. The centre of the
triangle is at the origin.

Find the coordinates of the other

vertices of the triangle

 Although this problem involves

𝜔=𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) ( )
2𝜋
𝑛
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2𝜋
𝑛 In this case we are
considering an equilateral
𝜔=𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
3 ) (3)
regular coordinates, you can 2𝜋 2𝜋 triangle, so
model it using complex + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
numbers in order to solve it! Work out
𝜔=− +𝑖 √
1 3
𝜔=− +𝑖 √
𝑧 1 =√ 3+𝑖 1 3
2 2 2 2

1G
 In general, the solutions to are for  First, find any root
 Then find where
 Then multiply the

Complex Numbers root by repeatedly

until you have found
all the roots

You can use the properties of

complex nth roots to solve ( √ 3 ,1 )
geometric problems

x
The coordinate lies at one vertex of an
equilateral triangle. The centre of the
triangle is at the origin.

Find the coordinates of the other

vertices of the triangle Multiplying by

 Although this problem involves

regular coordinates, you can
(
( √3 +𝑖 ) − +𝑖 √
1
2 2
3
) Expand
¿ − √ −𝑖 +𝑖 +𝑖2 √
model it using complex 3 1 3 3 brackets
numbers in order to solve it! 2 2 2 2
𝜔=− +𝑖 √
1 3 2
𝑖 =− 1
𝑧 1 =√ 3+𝑖
¿ − √ −𝑖 +𝑖 − √
2 2 3 1 3 3
𝑧 2=− √ 3 +𝑖 2 2 2 2 Group like
terms
¿ − √ 3+𝑖
1G
 In general, the solutions to are for  First, find any root
 Then find where
 Then multiply the

Complex Numbers root by repeatedly

until you have found
all the roots

You can use the properties of

complex nth roots to solve ( √ 3 ,1 )
geometric problems

x
The coordinate lies at one vertex of an
equilateral triangle. The centre of the
triangle is at the origin.

Find the coordinates of the other

vertices of the triangle Multiplying by

 Although this problem involves

regular coordinates, you can
(
( − √ 3+𝑖 ) − +𝑖 √
1
2 2
3
) Expand
model it using complex
¿ √ 3 − 𝑖 1 − 𝑖 3 +𝑖2 √ 3 brackets
numbers in order to solve it! 2 2 2 2
𝜔=− +𝑖 √
1 3 2
𝑖 =− 1
𝑧 1 =√ 3+𝑖 2 2
¿ √3 − 𝑖 1 − 𝑖 3 − √3
𝑧 2=− √ 3 +𝑖 2 2 2 2 Group like
terms
𝑧 3=− 2𝑖 ¿ − 2𝑖
1G
 In general, the solutions to are for  First, find any root
 Then find where
 Then multiply the

Complex Numbers root by repeatedly

until you have found
all the roots

You can use the properties of

complex nth roots to solve (− √ 3 , 1) ( √ 3 ,1 )
geometric problems

x
The coordinate lies at one vertex of an
equilateral triangle. The centre of the
triangle is at the origin.
( 0 ,− 2 )

Find the coordinates of the other

vertices of the triangle

 Although this problem involves

regular coordinates, you can
model it using complex
numbers in order to solve it!
𝜔=− +𝑖 √
1 3
𝑧 1 =√ 3+𝑖 2 2
𝑧 2=− √ 3 +𝑖 This will correspond to the coordinate

𝑧 3=− 2𝑖 This will correspond to the coordinate

1G