OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

(ICT 1271)
Object-Oriented Programming

• All computer programs consist of two elements: code and data.

• Program can be conceptually organized around its code or around its data.

• These are the two paradigms that govern how a program is constructed.
 process-oriented.
 Object Oriented
Process-oriented programming.
• This approach characterizes a program as a series of linear steps (that is, code).
• The process-oriented model can be thought of as code acting on data.
• Problems with this approach appear as programs grow larger and more complex.

Object-oriented programming
• Object-oriented programming organizes a program around its data (that is,
objects) and a set of well-defined interfaces to that data.
• An object-oriented program can be characterized as data controlling access to
code.
Data Abstraction

The act of representing essential features without including the

background details or explanations.
Encapsulation:

• In Object Oriented Programming, Encapsulation is defined as

binding together the data and the functions that manipulate
them.
Encapsulation
 Wrapping up of data and methods into a single unit (called class).

 The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those methods,
which are wrapped in the class, can access it.

 These methods provide the interface between the object's data and the
program.

 This insulation of the data from direct access by 'the program is called
datahiding.

 Encapsulation makes it possible for objects to be treated like 'black boxes‘.

Inheritance
 Inheritance provides the idea of reusability: This means that we can add
additional features to an existing class without modifying it.

 This is possible by deriving a new class from the existing one.

 The new class will have the combined features of both the classes.

 Subclass defines only those features that are unique to it.

 Without the use of inheritance, each class would have to explicitly include
all of its features.
Inheritance
Polymorphism
 Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form.

 For example, an operation may exhibit different behavior in different

instances.

 The behavior depends upon the types of data used in the operation.

 For example, consider the operation of addition.

 For two numbers, the operation will generate a sum. If the operands are
strings, then the operation would produce a third string by concatenation.
Polymorphism
 Object Oriented Approach - Benefits

• Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and extend

the use of existing classes .

• We can build programs from the standard working modules that

communicate with one another, rather than having to start writing the
code from scratch.

• Principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure

programs.

• Reduces the rick factor in building large systems as they are built
incrementally from subsystems which are stable.
CLASSES AND OBJECTS
• Any concept we wish to represent is encapsulated in a class.

• Java class includes instance variables and methods.

• Class defines the shape and behavior of an object

• Class is a template for an object.

• Object is an instance of a class

• A Java program consists of one or more classes
• A class is an abstract description of objects

class Car {
...description of a car goes here...
}

• some objects of class:

• Here is another example of a class:

class Window { ... }

• Some examples of Windows:

Basic Terminology
• A class defines a kind of objects:
specifies the kinds of attributes (data) an object can have.
provides methods specifying the actions an object can take.

• An object is an instance of the class.

• Person is a class
Alice and Bob are objects of the Person class.
 What does a class have?
• Members of a class:
Attributes (instance variables)
For each instance of the class (object), values of attributes can vary.
Methods

• Person class
Attributes: name, address, phone number
Methods: change address, change phone number
• Alice object
• Name is Alice, address is …
• Bob object
• Name is Bob, address is …
class classname
{ type instance-variable1;
// ...
type instance-variableN;

type methodname1(parameter-list)
{ // body of method
}
// ...
type methodnameN(parameter-list)
{ // body of method
}
}
class Box
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;
}
class Box
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;
}
Box mybox = new Box(); // create a Box object
mybox.width = 100;
class Box
{ double width;
double height;
double depth;
}
class BoxDemo
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Box mybox = new Box();
double vol;
mybox.width = 10;
mybox.height = 20;
mybox.depth = 15;
vol = mybox.width * mybox.height * mybox.depth;
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
} }
class BoxDemo2
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Box mybox1 = new Box();
Box mybox2 = new Box();
double vol;
mybox1.width = 10;
mybox1.height = 20;
mybox1.depth = 15;
mybox2.width = 3;
mybox2.height = 6;
mybox2.depth = 9;
vol = mybox1.width * mybox1.height * mybox1.depth;
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
vol = mybox2.width * mybox2.height * mybox2.depth;
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
} }
Declaring Objects

Box mybox = new Box();

This statement combines the two steps.

Box mybox; // declare reference to object

mybox = new Box(); // allocate a Box object
Assigning Object Reference Variables

Box b1 = new Box();

Box b2 = b1;
Box b1 = new Box();
Box b2 = b1;
// ...
b1 = null;
b1 has been set to null, but b2 still points to the original object.
Introducing Methods

type name(parameter-list)
{
// body of method
}
Adding a Method to the Box Class
class Box
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;

void volume()
{ System.out.print("Volume is ");
System.out.println(width * height * depth);
}
}
class BoxDemo3
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Box mybox1 = new Box();
Box mybox2 = new Box();

mybox1.width = 10;
mybox1.height = 20;
mybox1.depth = 15;

mybox2.width = 3;
mybox2.height = 6;
mybox2.depth = 9;

mybox1.volume();
mybox2.volume();
}}
Returning value
class Box
{
double width;
double height;
double depth;

double volume()
{
return width * height * depth;
}
}
class BoxDemo4
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ Box mybox1 = new Box();
Box mybox2 = new Box();
double vol;
mybox1.width = 10; mybox1.height = 20; mybox1.depth = 15;
mybox2.width = 3; mybox2.height = 6; mybox2.depth = 9;

vol = mybox1.volume();
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
vol = mybox2.volume();
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
} }
// parameterized method.
class Box
{ double width; double height; double depth;

double volume()
{ return width * height * depth; }

void setDim(double w, double h, double d)

{
width = w;
height = h;
depth = d;
}
}
class BoxDemo5
{ public static void main(String args[])
{
Box mybox1 = new Box();
Box mybox2 = new Box();
double vol;
mybox1.setDim(10, 20, 15);
mybox2.setDim(3, 6, 9);

vol = mybox1.volume();
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);

vol = mybox2.volume();
System.out.println("Volume is " + vol);
}
}
// parameterized method.
class Box
{ double width; double height; double depth;

double volume()
{ return width * height * depth; }

void setDim(double w, double h, double d)

{
width = w;
height = h;
depth = d;
}
}