SWINE PRODUCTION AND

MANAGEMENT
Lecture Notes in AN SCI 5
By: DR. HYDE D. NADELA
HOG ZOOLOGICAL SCHEME
 KINGDOM: Animalia
 PHYLUM: Chordata
 CLASS: Mammalia
 ORDER: Artiodactyla
 FAMILY: Suidae
 GENUS: Sus
 SPECIES: scrofa/vittatus
 SUB-SPECIES: domesticus
BREEDS OF SWINE
 Yorkshire/ Largewhite
 Entirely white with medium erect ears
and held at an inclined angle and tilted
forward.
 Black spots or freckles are common
 Has a broad face with a medium
curvature and its snout is of medium
length and broad at the nostril
 The jowls are very trim and not flabby,
while the neck is of medium length and
blend neatly into the shoulder
 BREEDS OF SWINE
 Yorkshire/

Largewhite
 Sows have superior
mothering ability
 Originated in
Yorkshire Country,
England
 Rugged and can
withstand variations
in climate
BREED OF SWINE
 Landrace – the longest breed
 White in color (although black skin
spots/freckles are common)
 Have short legs and medium to large drooping
ears
 Its back is much less arched than other breeds
and is almost flat
 Have small head and light neck and jowl in
relation to its body
 First Landrace swine was developed in
Denmark
 Performs excellently when crossed to other
breeds
LANDRACE
 Sows are known for
their excellence in
mothering ability
and large litter size
 Has extra pair of
ribs (16-17 ribs)
which contribute to
its distinguishable
long body
 Has weak leg and
pastern especially
on the hind.
BREED OF SWINE
 Hampshire
 Hampshire breed traces its origin to Southern
England but the first Hampshire Swine Record
was organized in Boone country, Kentucky
 Oldest American breed in existence
 Black with white belt around the shoulder and
body including the foreleg
 Noted for their large size, prolificacy and hybrid
vigor
 The jowl is trim and light, the head refined, the
ears erect, the shoulder smooth and well arched
 Feed efficiency, length and ham-loin percent of
this breed is excellent
BREED OF SWINE
 Hampshire
 Low liter size at birth
and at weaning, poor
mothering ability and
late maturing.
 Being black is also an
objection because it
is associated with
thick backfat and
with difficulty in
dressing/cleaning
during slaughtering.
BREED OF SWINE
 Berkshire
 Originates from South Central England,
principally in the countries of Berkshire and
Wiltshire.
 Black with six white points-four in the feet and
the others are in the tail and face
 Ears are erect and inclined forward and the face
is dished
 The distinct peculiarity of the Berkshire breed is
the short and sometimes upturned nose.
 Is long-bodied, with long, deep side, moderately
wide across the back, smooth through-out, well
balanced and medium length of leg
BERKSHIRE
 The sows are not as
prolific as the other
breeds
 Has a small liter size

at birth and at
weaning, late
maturing, thick
backfat and the
black skin.
BREED OF SWINE
 Pietrain – the muscle pig
 Originates from Pietrain, Belgium
 Is a very meaty type and the backfat is very thin
 With spotted black in a white or grey color
 Some individuals appear with some red roan
background
 Ears are medium in size and pointed upward
although some individuals have slightly drooping
ears
 Snout is moderately long and slightly dished.
 Called the “muscle” pigs due to its outstanding
muscle development in the ham, loin and
shoulders
PIETRAIN
 The motherly ability is
well within acceptable
level.
 But is prone to stress and
weight shrinkage during
transport
 Compliments to good
production when cross to
other breeds
 Weakness of the hind legs
which do not develop as
fast as the ham muscle
 A slow grower and being
highly susceptible to
stress.
BREED OF SWINE
 Duroc – the red power
 Originates in the eastern United States and in the
Corn Belt ; also known as Duroc-Jersey
 Has solid colors, ranging from very high light
golden to very dark red that approaches the color
of mahogany.
 Possess a medium length and a slightly curved face
and a snout that is relatively short and straight.
 Ears droop slightly forward
 Head is small in proportion to the body and the jowl
is medium in size
 Length of its legs is proportional to the depth and
length of its body
 Sows are prolific while boars are excellent due to its
aggressive temperament
  But are hot tempered and
needs a skilled operator
DUROC  Well adapted to different
sets of environmental
conditions and are noted for
being sturdy and do well
even on plain garbage
feeding
 Superior in terms of growth
rate and feed efficiency
 Popular as a terminal sire
for the production of
slaughter pigs
 Have a well arched back
which is undesirable
 Unsound front and hind legs
that may lead to stiff gate
or lameness
BREED OF SWINE
 Poland China
 Previously known as ‘big china’ or “big type
Poland China” or “hot type”
 Bred in Ohio
 Black in color with six distinct white points, the
four feet, poll of the head and switch of the tail
 The face is medium length and slightly curved.
 The ears naturally drooping and the jowl full
POLAND CHINA
PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG
 Philippine native pig
 Originated from
 Sus celebenensis Philippinensis Nehring – Luzon
 Sus celebenensis negrinus Sanborn – Negros Island

 Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus Huet – Palawan

 Distributed throughout the Philippines

 Has the ability to withstand the harsh tropical
condition
 Solid black in color, long snout, short and low-set
body conformation, and erect ears
 Litters are small but survivability is high
 High lean percentage due to thin back fat
PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG
 Native pigs are smale
with average mature
weight ranging from 30-
50 kg
 Native sow produce an
average two litters/year
 Average litter size at
birth and at weaning is
only 10 and 5,
respectively
 Weaning age is
commonly at 60 days
old
LIST OF OTHER PURE BREEDS
 Spotted  Introduced in the Philippines
 Limousine by Chinese traders and
Spanish settlers
 Chester white
 Swine breeds from Asia,
 Hereford
Africa, and Southern Europe
 Tamworth descended from the collared
 Large black pig Sus vittatus, which are
 Chinese taihu pigs
smaller, more refined, and
more sparse covering of the
(funjiang, meishen, hair compared to the wild
jianxiang black) boar of Northern Europe,
Sus scrofa
LIST OF SYNTHETIC BREEDS
 Babcock  Hybrid sows are
 Camborough highly prolific, have
 Costwold
better fertility, more
uniform litter, and
 Hypor
heavier piglet weight
 Segher at birth
 Minnesota no.1  Outstanding in terms
 New dalland
of growth rate, feed
conversion efficiency
 Topings
and carcass quality
 Do not have
distinguished physical
characteristics
SYNTHETIC BREEDS
 Hybrids pigs are produced
which aims to take
advantage of heterosis
 Development of hybrid
pigs used terminal sire
with two-line or three-line
crossbred gilt
 Others utilized a complete
four-line synthetic
hybridization program,
which claims to be better
in exploiting heterosis.
UPGRADES
 Kaman (Batangas)
 Diani (Batangas)

 Berkjala (Berkshire X Jaja jala (Rizal)

 Koronadal (Cotabato)
SWINE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
A. SOW HERD ENTERPRISE
 FARROW TO FEEDER OPERATION

 Starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to

produce pigs weanlings, which are sold
to other raisers who grows them until
the marketable weight is achieved.
 FARROW TO FINISH OPERATION
 Starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to
produce the breeders stocks,
specifically junior boars and
replacement gilts.
B. GROWING-FINISHING ENTERPRISE
 Starts with feeder/weanlings and carries
them to slaughter weight of about 80 to 90
kg
Advantage
 Although capital requirements are high,
the rate of capital turnover in relatively
faster than the sow herds enterprise
Disadvantage
 Difficulty of predicting accurately the
performance of the feeder pigs especially
when they came from farms with sub-
standard management
C. BOAR-FOR-HIRE ENTERPRISE
 Starts with a young boar, which he grows
and trains to breeder age. The boar is used
to breed the gilts/sows in the community
for a fee. The fee may be in cash or in kind
Advantage
 Need small capital and the return to
investment comes quickly
Disadvantage
 Possible disease problems may be heavy
because of frequent contact with sows and
gilts from different farm holdings
PIG PRODUCTION CYCLE
 Dry Period – period between weaning and the
next service
 After weaning, the sow comes into heat within 3-7
days
 Pregnancy Period – 114 days
(3mos+3wks+3days)
 Repeat
 if sow fail to conceive after sex, she is expected to
repeat or come into heat after 3 weeks
 The sow become pregnant but for some reason
pregnancy stop at some point
 False pregnancy (pseudopregnancy)
 Lactation period – as long as the farmer allows
but usually 28-42 days
PIG PRODUCTION CYCLE
 Rearing Period of Weaners – piglets are
separated from the sow and further reared
for 30-40 days. After which they are sold with
of weight ranging from 15-20 kgs.
 Growing and finishing Fatterns- usually takes

3-4 months and then ready to be market.

 Rearing of Replacement Stock – reared for 5-

6 months depending on the breed. They can

be added to the breeding herd at age of 8
months.
SUMMARY OF PRODUCTION CYCLE

 Dry period 3 - 7
days
 Pregnancy period

114 days
 Lactation period 28 - 42
days
 Rearing Period of weaners 30 - 40
days
 Growing period of weaners 90 - 150
days
 Rearing period of replacement stocks 150 -

180 dys
THE REPLACEMENT GILT
Pig performance depends on:
70% environment + 30% genetic

What is the best breed to raise?

Depends on the characteristics…..

 Color: black,white,brown, or combination of colors
 Size of ears
 position of ears: erect, hanging, ¼ hanging etc.
 Length and shape of snout
 Body length
 Weight at maturity

SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
 Inbreeding - Breeding of closely related
breeds
Ex. Father X Daughter
 Purebreeding – a system of breeding

wherein animals of the same breed are

mated to each other
Landrace X Landrace
 Crossbreeding - breeding of two

animals from different breeds

Two-way cross-mating

Ex. Large white X Landrace

SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
Three-way cross-mating using three different breeds
Ex. Large white X Landrace
Duroc X Large white/Landrace (2nd cross)
Duroc/Large white/Landrace (progeny)

 Four-way cross-mating with the use of four

different breeds
Ex. Pietrain X Duroc Large white X Landrace
Pietrain/Duroc X Large white /Landrace
Pietrain/Duroc/Large white/Landrace
(progeny)
SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
Upgrading - an inferior breed is improved by
continued crossing
Ex. Female local breed (A) Male purebreed
(B)

A X B
AB X B
ABB X B
ABBB
Systems of mating
 Natural mating - The operator checks for heat and takes
the female in heat to the boar.
 Pen-mating - a boar is introduce into a group of
females in a pen.
 Artificial insemination – use instrument to introduce the
collected semen into the reproductive tract of the female
; done by a skilled AI technician

JUDGING AND SELECTION OF ANIMALS

 Double Selection – based on:
 Physical characteristics
 Performance
 Done at 2-3 months of age ( weaners) and at 6 months
old
DESIRABLE BODY CONFORMATION
UNDESIRABLE BODY CONFORMATION
JUDGING GUIDELINES
JUDGING GUIDELINES
JUDGING GUIDELINES
JUDGING GUIDELINES
JUDGING GUIDELINES
JUDGING GUIDELINES
JUDGING GUIDELINES
REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD PARENT
STOCK
Requirement Standard External
Indicator
1. Good prod’n of >18 piglets No. of teats; equal
sow weaned/yr spacing of teats

2. Long life >6 litters Strenght of back

and feet

3. Good ADG of the >650 grams Dev’t and frame

offspring size of gilt/sow

4. Good FCR of the <3.0 Leanness and

offspring meatiness of
gilt/sow
5. Good carcass
quality of the Same as in #4
offspring
SUGGESTED FEEDING SCHEME FOR
GILTS
Age Feed/Day Kind of Estimated
(Weeks (kg) Feed bodywgt. (kgs)
)
10-11 0.8 Starter 20-30/35
11-12 0.9 “
12-13 1.0 “
13-14 1.2 “
14-15 1.4 Grower
15-16 1,5 “
16-17 1.6 “ 30/35-60
17-18 1.7 “
18-20 1.8 “
20-22 1.9 Breeder
22-25 2.0 “ 60-110
25-30 2.1 “
30-32 2.2 “
 CULLING
 Bases for Culling
 Reproductive failures – do not come into heat
 Poor maternal instinct - cannibalism
 Poor milkers – no milk/not enough milk foe 3-4
weeks
 Feet and leg problems – lameness, weak legs
 Poor litter size – gilts has lesser litter size than sows;

Sow decline in breeding efficiency after 6th to 7th litter

 Long dry period – must farrow more than 2x/yr
 Damage udder section –damage due to infection
 Diseases – leptospirosis, brucellosis, parvovirus
 Abnormalities in the litter – hernia, atresia ani,
cryptorchidism
CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF
REPLACEMENT BOAR
 1 boar for every 20-30 gilts(one service/heat period)
 1 boar for every 15- 20 gilts(2 services/heat period)

 Must be 8 months old

 Breeding load
8-10 months - once every 5-10 days
 11 months - once every 4 days
 12 months - once every 3 days
 18 months or over – every other day
Feed allowance for boar – 2kgs/day ±0.5 kg of thin or fat;
Same feed with pregnant gilt/sow (gestating)
Vaccinate against Hog Cholera, FMD, Pseudorabies, Parvovirus
Deworm 3-4X a year
Vit. ADE injection 1-2X a months
BOAR SELECTION IS BASED ON RECORDS
OF RELATIVE AND THE BOAR’S RECORDS
 Behavior – temperament,sex characteristics,
maturity, agressivenes
 Sow productivity – litter size, milking ability,
mothering ability, average pig birth weight in
litter, litter weight at 21 days
 Performance – growth rate, feed conversion, reach
104kg@155 days
 Backfat – 2.5 or less @104 kg
 Reproduction soundness – spacing, number and
presentation of teats; physical soundness
 Conformation – body length, height, testicular
development
MANAGEMENT OF NEWLY ARRIVED
STOCKS
 Rest the animal, give no feed and
water in the first 6 hr
 Give water soluble vitamins or plain

sugar in drinking water

 Quarantine from the rest of the

animals for at least 14 days

 New animals should be introduced and

acclimatized to the normal microflora

of the farms
 Provide 1.2 sq m of floor per gilt
CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF
SOW/GILT
 Breeding Age – reach puberty at 5
months of age
 Gilts must be bred at 7 ½ or 8 months

old and must weight 120-130 kg and

have cycled at least twice
 Estrous cycle – last for 21 days on

average
 Estrus ( heat period) – 2-5 days
FEEDING
 Primary objective – to reach sexual maturity
at the right weight and age
 Replacement gilts - not too fat so low feed

allowance Is advisable
 Flushing – increasing feed allowance (3.0-3.5

g/day) about 10-14 days before gilts are

served/mated
 Aims to increase number of eggs ovulated
(approximately by 2)
 Done before the 3rd heat cycle of the gilt
COMMON SIGNS OF ESTRUS
 Swelling and reddening of the vulva
 Thick mucous discharge from the vagina

 Mounting other animals and willingness to be

mounted (standing heat)

 Restlessness and grunting

 Reduced appetite

 Frequent urination

 Reacts to boar’s mating sound

TECHNIQUES IN HEAT DETECTION
 Haunch – Pressure Test: The operator
should approach the sow from behind and
rub her sides and thigh.
 Riding-the-back test: This technique is

applied by riding or merely pressing the back

of the animal.
 Semen–on–the–snout test: This test is

particularly important in artificial

insemination although it can be applied in
natural breeding. In this method, semen
sample is squeezed on the snout face of the
animal using a squirt bottle or atomizer or a
synthetic boar – odor preparation may be
used
TECHNIQUES IN HEAT DETECTION
 Teaser boar: Allowing a boar but
preferably one that has been
vasectomized to mount the sow.
 Sound Test: Use of chomping sounds

of the boar.
 Examination on signs of estrus and on

records
SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
 Cessation of estrous cycle
 Develops good appetite and fattens readily

 Enlargement of the abdomen

Signs of Farrowing
 Enlargement, swelling and reddening of the
external genitalia
 Nervousness and restlessness

 Fully distended mammary glands

 Presence of milk

 Nest building
SUGGESTED HEALTH AND
VACCINATION PROGRAM FOR GILTS
Activity When
Deworming 7-14 days before breeding
Mange treatment 14 and 7 days before
Vitamin ADE breeding
injection Once before breeding

Hog cholera vaccine

Foot and Mouth Can be scheduled at 6-8
Disease Vaccine months of age
Parvovirus Vaccine
Pseudorabies
Vaccine
E. Coli Bactering
MANAGEMENT OF
PREGNANT GILT/SOW
PREGNANCY CONTROL
 Observe the sow for signs of estrus
around 3 weeks after breeding and
after 6 weeks
 Other ways of heat detection –

bloodtest and ultrasonic or Doppler

method at 30-45 days post breeding
 Avoid stress to pregnant animals –

such as rough handling, fighting and

high temperature
 Bath the sow on hot days
PREPARATION FOR FARROWING
 Move the pregnant sow from the
gestating house to the farrowing house
one week before expected date of
farrowing
 Scrub the sow with water and soap

specially on the sides, udder and

undersurface to remove parasite eggs
and bacteria
 Clean and disinfect farrowing pen

 Provide farrowing pen with supplemental

heat and slightly bedded with clean, fresh

material
SIGNS OF FARROWING
 Nest making, nudging of hudles, walls and
flooring, biting of hudles and guard rails
 Sows always in a “sitting dog “ position

 Distension and enlargement of the udder of

the sow
 Small round size of sow’s manure and

frequent urination
 Mucous discharge with meconium
FARM RECORDS
 A. Number of Stock
 Boar
 Sows and served gilts
 Unserved gilts
 Culls and mortalities (sows and boars)
 Service Areas
 No. of 1st services
 No. of 2nd services
 No. of 3rd services
 Farrowing Area
 No. of farrowings
 No. of pigs born alive
FARM RECORDS
 No. of pigs born dead
 No. of sows weaned
 No. of pigs weaned
 No. of pigs transferred to finishing area
 Mortalities (sucklings, weanlings)
 Finishers
 No. of pigs present
 No. of pigs sold
 Feed (in kg)
 Amount of feed sow used (gestating/lactating)
 Amount of pre-weaning feed used
 Amount of post-weaning feed used
TARGETS FOR CROSSBRED PIGS
STANDARD FIGURES BAD AVERAG GOOD
E
A. Sow-Weaner
Operation
1. Litter index <1.9 2.0 >2.1
2. Average litter size <9.0 10 >11
3. Ave. no. of stillborn >2.0 1.0
piglets/litter
4. Mortality rate >10% 10% <10%
5. Ave. reared 16.0 18 21
piglets/sow/yr.
6. Lost days >30 25 <20
TARGETS FOR CROSSBRED PIGS
STANDARD BAD AVE- GOOD
FIGURES RAGE
B. Fattener
Operation
1.ADG <500 550 >600
2.FCR >4.0 3.5 <3.0
3.Ave. fattening >150 140 <120
days
4.Mortality rate >5% 3% <2%
5.Rounds/year <2.4 2.5 >2.4
HOW TO COMPUTE
 Litter Index – number of farrowings/year
Dry period - 7 days
Pregnancy period - 114 days
Lactation period - 30 days
151 days

LI = 365 days/151 days = 2.42

 No. of Lost Days – days when a sow is neither

pregnant, lactating nor in normal dry period
 63 lost days/yr X 3.0 kg feed X P8.00/kg feed
 P1512.00 – feed cost during lost days
HOW TO COMPUTE
 ADG = total gain in wgt. divided by total no. of
fattening days
 FCR = total amount of feed consumed divided

by total kg gained
 Average Feed Cost/Kilogram Weight Gain = total

feed cost divided by total gain in weight

 Average Feed Cost/Pig/Day = indicates the

amount of money to be spent on feeds per pig

per day
Ave. feed cost/pig/day = total cost of
feed
total no. of fattening
days
HOW TO COMPUTE
 Round per Year = expressed as the no. of
batches marketed per year

Round/Year = total no. of pigs sold

capacity or average stock on
hand
 Planning the number of farrowings (litters)

Number of productive sow X litter index

24 sows X 2.0 = 48 farrowings/year

HOW TO COMPUTE
 Number of piglets born alive per year
 Multiply
the number of born piglets per litter by
the number of farrowings in a year

 Number of piglets weaned per year

 Multiplythe number of farrowings per year by
the number of weaned piglets per litter per year
48 farrowings/year
10 piglets born alive/litter
10% pre-weaning mortality
=(48 farrowings x 10piglets/litter) - 10% mortality
= 480 – (480 x .10)
= 432 piglets weaned/year
HOW TO COMPUTE
 Number of Fatteners Produced Per Year

 432 piglets weaned x 3% post-weaning

mortality
= 432 X .03
= 13 fatteners
= 432 – 13
= 419 fatteners