Basics of SQL

Training Day 1
Presented By
Venu
Maddishetti
Dec 05, 2018
Overall Training Topics
Below are the Topics will be covered as Part of SQL
Training
•Basics of Oracle SQL - (DML,DDL,DRL,TCL,DCL)
•Data Conversion Functions (To_number, To_char, To_date)
•Constraints
•Domain integrity constraints (Ex: Not null)
•Case and Decode Statements
•Group By And Having Concepts
•Set Operators
•Subqueries And Exists ,Locks and Indexes
•Practice Session
•Views
•Synonym
•Sequence
•Joins
•Practice Session

August 21 , 2018 2
Introduction – Today’s Topic
Below are the Topics will be covered as Part of Training

 Basics of Oracle SQL - (DML,DDL,DRL,TCL,DCL).

 Conditional Selections And Operators .
 Functions (Single row functions, Group functions) .
 String Functions
 Using Merge.
 Multiple Inserts Concepts Date Functions and Date Formats Trunc
and Round Concepts
 Good practices to write SQL queries

August 21 , 2018 3
Basics of Oracle SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language

• SQL is divided into the following

• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Retrieval Language (DRL)
• Transaction Control Language (TCL)
• Data Control Language (DCL)

DDL -- create, alter, drop, truncate, rename

DML -- insert, update, delete
DRL -- select
TCL -- commit, rollback, savepoint
DCL -- grant, revoke

August 21 , 2018 4
Example for SQL Statements
CREATE TABLE SYNTAX
Create table <table_name> (col1 datatype1, col2 datatype2 …coln datatypen);
Ex:
SQL> create table student (no number (2), name varchar (10), marks number (3));
INSERT
This will be used to insert the records into table.
We have two methods to insert.
By value method
By address method
a) USING VALUE METHOD
Syntax:
insert into <table_name) values (value1, value2, value3 …. Valuen);
Ex: SQL> insert into student values (1, ’sudha’, 100);
SQL> insert into student values (2, ’saketh’, 200);
To insert a new record again you have to type entire insert command, if there are lot of
records this will be difficult.

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Example for SQL Statements
This will be avoided by using address method.
b) USING ADDRESS METHOD
Syntax:
insert into <table_name) values (&col1, &col2, &col3 …. &coln);
This will prompt you for the values but for every insert you have to use forward slash.
Ex:
SQL> insert into student values (&no, '&name', &marks);
Enter value for no: 1
Enter value for name: Jagan
Enter value for marks: 300
old 1: insert into student values(&no, '&name', &marks)
new 1: insert into student values(1, 'Jagan', 300)
SQL> /
Enter value for no: 2
Enter value for name: Naren
Enter value for marks: 400
old 1: insert into student values(&no, '&name', &marks)
new 1: insert into student values(2, 'Naren', 400)

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Example for SQL Statements
c) INSERTING DATA INTO SPECIFIED COLUMNS USING VALUE METHOD
Syntax: insert into <table_name)(col1, col2, col3 … Coln) values (value1, value2, value3 ….);
Ex:
SQL> insert into student (no, name) values (3, ’Ramesh’);
SQL> insert into student (no, name) values (4, ’Madhu’);
d) INSERTING DATA INTO SPECIFIED COLUMNS USING ADDRESS METHOD
Syntax:
insert into <table_name)(col1, col2, col3 … coln) values (&col1, &col2 ….&coln);

This will prompt you for the values but for every insert you have to use forward slash.
Ex: SQL> insert into student (no, name) values (&no, '&name');
Enter value for no: 5
Enter value for name: Visu
old 1: insert into student (no, name) values(&no, '&name')
new 1: insert into student (no, name) values(5, 'Visu')
SQL> Enter value for no: 6
Enter value for name: Rattu
old 1: insert into student (no, name) values(&no, '&name') new 1: insert into student (no,
name) values(6, 'Rattu')
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Example for SQL Statements
SELECTING DATA
Syntax:
Select * from <table_name>; -- here * indicates all columns
or
Select col1, col2, … coln from <table_name>;
Ex:
SQL> select * from student;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------ --------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu
5 Visu
6 Rattu

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CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
We have two clauses used in this
Where
Order by
USING WHERE
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <condition>;
the following are the different types of operators used in where clause.
Arithmetic operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Arithmetic operators -- highest precedence
+, -, *, /
Comparison operators
=, !=, >, <, >=, <=, <>
between, not between
in, not in
null, not null
Like ,Logical operators ,And, Or not
August 21 , 2018 9
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
Using Samples :
a) USING =, >, <, >=, <=, !=, <>
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where no = 2;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400

SQL> select * from student where no < 2;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300

SQL> select * from student where no > 2;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu
5 Visu
6 Rattu

August 21 , 2018 10
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
Using Samples :
SQL> select * from student where no <= 2;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
SQL> select * from student where no >= 2;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400
3 Ramesh
SQL> select * from student where no != 2;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300
SQL> select * from student where no <> 2;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300

August 21 , 2018 11
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
b) USING AND
This will gives the output when all the conditions become true.
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <condition1> and <condition2> and ..
<conditionn>;
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where no = 2 and marks >= 200;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- --------
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400

c) USING OR
This will gives the output when either of the conditions become true.
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <condition1> and <condition2> or ..
<conditionn>;
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where no = 2 or marks >= 200;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400

August 21 , 2018 12
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
d) USING BETWEEN
This will gives the output based on the column and its lower bound, upperbound.
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <col> between <lower bound> and <upper
bound>;
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where marks between 200 and 400;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
e) USING NOT BETWEEN
This will gives the output based on the column which values are not in its lower bound,
upperbound.
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <col> not between <lower bound> and <upper
bound>;
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where marks not between 200 and 400;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100

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CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
f) USING IN
This will gives the output based on the column and its list of values specified.
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <col> in ( value1, value2, value3 … valuen);
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where no in (1, 2, 3);
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
g) USING NOT IN
This will gives the output based on the column which values are not in the list of
values specified.
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <col> not in ( value1, value2, value3 … valuen);
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where no not in (1, 2, 3);
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
4 Madhu
5 Visu
6 Rattu

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CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
h) USING NULL
This will gives the output based on the null values in the specified column.
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <col> is null;
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where marks is null;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu

i) USING NOT NULL

This will gives the output based on the not null values in the specified column.
Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <col> is not null;
Ex:
SQL> select * from student where marks is not null;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400

August 21 , 2018 15
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
j) USING LIKE

This will be used to search through the rows of database column based on the pattern
you specify.

Syntax:
select * from <table_name> where <col> like <pattern>;

Ex:
i) This will give the rows whose marks are 100.

SQL> select * from student where marks like 100;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
ii) This will give the rows whose name start with ‘S’.

SQL> select * from student where name like 'S%';

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200

August 21 , 2018 16
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
iii) This will give the rows whose name ends with ‘h’.
SQL> select * from student where name like '%h';
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
3 Ramesh
iV) This will give the rows whose name’s second letter start with ‘a’.

SQL> select * from student where name like '_a%';

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- --------
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu
6 Rattu
V) This will give the rows whose name’s third letter start with ‘d’.

SQL> select * from student where name like '__d%';

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
4 Madhu

August 21 , 2018 17
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
USING ORDER BY
This will be used to ordering the columns data (ascending or descending).
Syntax:
Select * from <table_name> order by <col> desc;
By default oracle will use ascending order.
If you want output in descending order you have to use desc keyword after the column.
Ex:
SQL> select * from student order by no;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400
SQL> select * from student order by no desc;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
6 Rattu
5 Visu
4 Madhu
3 Ramesh
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300

August 21 , 2018 18
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
USING DML
USING UPDATE
This can be used to modify the table data.
Syntax:
Update <table_name> set <col1> = value1, <col2> = value2 where <condition>;

Ex:
SQL> update student set marks = 500;
If you are not specifying any condition this will update entire table.

SQL> update student set marks = 500 where no = 2;

SQL> update student set marks = 500, name = 'Venu' where no = 1;

USING DELETE

This can be used to delete the table data temporarily.

Syntax:
Delete <table_name> where <condition>;

Ex:
SQL> delete student;
If you are not specifying any condition this will delete entire table.

SQL> delete student where no = 2;

August 21 , 2018 19
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
USING DDL
USING ALTER
This can be used to add or remove columns and to modify the precision of the datatype.
a) ADDING COLUMN
Syntax:
alter table <table_name> add <col datatype>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student add sdob date;
b) REMOVING COLUMN
Syntax:
alter table <table_name> drop <col datatype>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student drop column sdob;
c) INCREASING OR DECREASING PRECISION OF A COLUMN
Syntax:
alter table <table_name> modify <col datatype>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student modify marks number(5);
* To decrease precision the column should be empty.
d) MAKING COLUMN UNUSED
Syntax:
alter table <table_name> set unused column <col>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student set unused column marks;
Even though the column is unused still it will occupy memory.

August 21 , 2018 20
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
d) DROPPING UNUSED COLUMNS
Syntax:
alter table <table_name> drop unused columns;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student drop unused columns;
* You can not drop individual unused columns of a table.
e) RENAMING COLUMN
Syntax:
alter table <table_name> rename column <old_col_name> to <new_col_name>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student rename column marks to smarks;
USING TRUNCATE
This can be used to delete the entire table data permanently
Syntax:
truncate table <table_name>;
Ex:
SQL> truncate table student;
USING DROP
This will be used to drop the database object;
Syntax:
Drop table <table_name>;
Ex:
SQL> drop table student;

August 21 , 2018 21
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
d) DROPPING UNUSED COLUMNS
Syntax:
alter table <table_name> drop unused columns;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student drop unused columns;
* You can not drop individual unused columns of a table.
e) RENAMING COLUMN
Syntax:
alter table <table_name> rename column <old_col_name> to <new_col_name>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student rename column marks to smarks;
USING TRUNCATE
This can be used to delete the entire table data permanently
Syntax:
truncate table <table_name>;
Ex:
SQL> truncate table student;
USING DROP
This will be used to drop the database object;
Syntax:
Drop table <table_name>;
Ex:
SQL> drop table student;

August 21 , 2018 22
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
USING TCL
USING COMMIT
This will be used to save the work.
Commit is of two types.
Implicit
Explicit
a) IMPLICIT
This will be issued by oracle internally in two situations.
When any DDL operation is performed.
When you are exiting from SQL * PLUS.
b) EXPLICIT
This will be issued by the user.
Syntax:
Commit or commit work;
* When ever you committed then the transaction was completed.
USING ROLLBACK
This will undo the operation.
This will be applied in two methods.
Upto previous commit
Upto previous rollback
Syntax:
Roll or roll work;
Or
Rollback or rollback work;
* While process is going on, if suddenly power goes then oracle will rollback the transaction.

August 21 , 2018 23
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
USING SAVEPOINT
You can use savepoints to rollback portions of your current set of transactions.
Syntax:
Savepoint <savepoint_name>;
Ex: SQL> savepoint s1;
SQL> insert into student values(1, ‘a’, 100);
SQL> savepoint s2;
SQL> insert into student values(2, ‘b’, 200);
SQL> savepoint s3;
SQL> insert into student values(3, ‘c’, 300);
SQL> savepoint s4;
SQL> insert into student values(4, ‘d’, 400);
Before rollback
SQL> select * from student;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 a 100
2 b 200
3 c 300
4 d 400
SQL> rollback to savepoint s3;
Or SQL> rollback to s3;
This will rollback last two records.
SQL> select * from student;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 a 100
2 b 200

August 21 , 2018 24
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
USING DCL

DCL commands are used to granting and revoking the permissions.

USING GRANT

This is used to grant the privileges to other users.

Syntax:
Grant <privileges> on <object_name> to <user_name> [with grant option];

Ex:
SQL> grant select on student to sudha; -- you can give individual privilege
SQL> grant select, insert on student to sudha; -- you can give set of privileges
SQL> grant all on student to sudha; -- you can give all privileges

The sudha user has to use dot method to access the object.
SQL> select * from saketh.student;
The sudha user can not grant permission on student table to other users. To get this
type of option use the following.
SQL> grant all on student to sudha with grant option;
Now sudha user also grant permissions on student table.

August 21 , 2018 25
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
USING REVOKE

This is used to revoke the privileges from the users to which you granted the privileges.
Syntax:
Revoke <privileges> on <object_name> from <user_name>;
Ex:
SQL> revoke select on student form sudha; -- you can revoke individual privilege
SQL> revoke select, insert on student from sudha; -- you can revoke set of privileges
SQL> revoke all on student from sudha; -- you can revoke all privileges
USING ALIASES
CREATE WITH SELECT
We can create a table using existing table [along with data].
Syntax:
Create table <new_table_name> [col1, col2, col3 ... coln] as select * from
<old_table_name>;
Ex:SQL> create table student1 as select * from student;
Creating table with your own column names.
SQL> create table student2(sno, sname, smarks) as select * from student;
Creating table with specified columns.
SQL> create table student3 as select no,name from student;
Creating table with out table data.
SQL> create table student2(sno, sname, smarks) as select * from student where 1 = 2;
In the above where clause give any condition which does not satisfy.

August 21 , 2018 26
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
INSERT WITH SELECT

Using this we can insert existing table data to a another table in a single trip. But the table structure should be same.

Syntax:
Insert into <table1> select * from <table2>;

Ex:
SQL> insert into student1 select * from student;

Inserting data into specified columns

SQL> insert into student1(no, name) select no, name from student;

COLUMN ALIASES

Syntax:
Select <orginal_col> <alias_name> from <table_name>;

Ex:
SQL> select no sno from student;
or
SQL> select no “sno” from student;

August 21 , 2018 27
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
TABLE ALIASES
If you are using table aliases you can use dot method to the columns.
Syntax: Select <alias_name>.<col1>, <alias_name>.<col2> … <alias_name>.<coln> from
<table_name> <alias_name>;
Ex: SQL> select s.no, s.name from student s;
USING MERGE
MERGE You can use merge command to perform insert and update in a single command.
Ex: SQL> Merge into student1 s1
Using (select *From student2) s2
On(s1.no=s2.no)
When matched then
Update set marks = s2.marks
When not matched then
Insert (s1.no,s1.name,s1.marks)
Values(s2.no,s2.name,s2.marks);
In the above the two tables are with the same structure but we can merge different structured tables also but the datatype of the columns should
match.
Assume that student1 has columns like no,name,marks and student2 has columns like no,
name, hno, city.
SQL> Merge into student1 s1
Using (select *From student2) s2
On(s1.no=s2.no)
When matched then
Update set marks = s2.hno
When not matched then
Insert (s1.no,s1.name,s1.marks)
Values(s2.no,s2.name,s2.hno);

August 21 , 2018 28
CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND
OPERATORS
MULTIBLE INSERTS
We have table called DEPT with the following columns and data
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
-------- -------- ----
10 accounting new york
20 research dallas
30 sales Chicago
40 operations boston
a) CREATE STUDENT TABLE
SQL> Create table student(no number(2),name varchar(2),marks number(3));
b) MULTI INSERT WITH ALL FIELDS
SQL> Insert all
Into student values(1,’a’,100)
Into student values(2,’b’,200)
Into student values(3,’c’,300)
Select *from dept where deptno=10;
-- This inserts 3 rows
c) MULTI INSERT WITH SPECIFIED FIELDS
SQL> insert all
Into student (no,name) values(4,’d’)
Into student(name,marks) values(’e’,400)
Into student values(3,’c’,300)
Select *from dept where deptno=10;
-- This inserts 3 rows
d) MULTI INSERT WITH DUPLICATE ROWS
SQL> insert all
Into student values(1,’a’,100)
Into student values(2,’b’,200)
Into student values(3,’c’,300)
Select *from dept where deptno > 10;
-- This inserts 9 rows because in the select statement retrieves 3 records (3 inserts for
each row retrieved)

August 21 , 2018 29
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Thank You

August 21, 2018